SURVEY OK CUIX A.
V. K. TI1V« AfSU W. D.
a Sinica
V. K. TIXO -VXI» W. II.
Series B. Volume I
jfascTcle i.
ORDOVICIAX
FROM
AMAI3IEUS \V. ORAI1AU S. O.
palarontoloflist to tbc Survey an5 professor ot palaeontology
in tbc national TOmvcraitg, pehinfl.
I-3X. SO
XO 1OS25J.
Palaeontologia Sinica.
SERIES A. FOSSIL PLANTS OF CHINA.
VOL. I.
Fascicle I. Zur alttertiaren Flora der siidlichen Mandschurei,
von Rudolph Florin (Riksmuseum, Stockholm, Sweden) 40 pages text,
1 plate, 'A text-figures. (In press).
Other numbers of this series now in preparation will contain descriptions and illustrations of the Pahcozoic
and Mesozoie Floras of China by Dr. Th. G. Halle and associates in the PaUeobotanical Department of the Riksinuseum
Stockholm, Sweden, based on extensive collections made by the Geological Survey and associate collectors.
SERIES B. FOSSIL INVERTEBRATES OF CHINA.
VOL. 1.
Fascicle i. Ordovician Fossils from North China, by A. W. Grabau.
127 pages text, 9 plates, 20 text-figures. Published April 28, 1922.
Price $.r>.00 Hex.
Fascicle n. Devonian Fossils of Yunnan by A. W. Graban. (In preparation).
VOL. II.
Paleozoic Corals of China, Part I. The Tetrascpt.ita, by A. W . Grabau.
Fascicle i. Introduction, and descriptions of Pflniiiil-i , Xh-ept<j<i.-<i,i<ii<l,'e and
CiKithin-onidi with 1 plate and 71 text-figures. (In press).
Fascicle n. ZiiiihrfntnLv, and Ci/athophyUidfie. ( In preparation).
SERIES C. FOSSIL VERTEBRATES OF CHINA.
This series will contain descriptions and illustrations of Tertiary and Quaternary vertebrates of China, by Prof.
Carl. Wiman of Uppsala, Sweden, I'rof. M. Roule of Paris, and others, based on large collections made by Dr. Ander-
and others for the Survey and. by other organisations and private individual h.
SERIES D. ANCIENT MAN IN CHINA.
VOL. I.
1 ascicle 1. The Cave-deposit at Sha-Kuo-T'un in Fengtion (in preparation).
Article i. Topographic notes and description of artifacts by J. G. Anders.-, m.
Article 2. Human skeletal remains by Davidson Black.
Series P,
Vol. I. Fascicle 1.
PAL/EONTOLOGIA SINICA.
Editors:
V. K. Ting and W. H. Wong
1 ' • i »•«»••-•».»*.*' '
> ,", * t*» * '••' "\* • •'*
Ordovician Fossils
of
North China.
BY
AMADEUS W. GRABAU S. D.
Palaeontologist to the Survey and Professor of Paleontology
in the National University Peking.
With Plates I - IX and 20 Text figures
Published by the Geological Survey of China
LL>
Peking 1922.
.a
PUBLISHED APRIL 28, 1922
Printed by
THE COMMERCIAL PRESS.
PEKING.
CONTENTS:
Page
Introduction 3
Stratigraphic Summary .'. 6
Fauna of the Machiakou or Actinoceras limestone 7
Lower Ordovician 0
Peilintze Limestone 10
Liangchiashan Limestone 11
I Ascription of Species 12
Anthozoa 12
Brachiopoda 15
Pelecypoda 1 •)
Gastropoda 20
Cephalopoda 3G
Holochoanites 30
Phylogenetic significance of the siphuncle of the Holochoanites ">3
Orthochoanites 03
Cyrtochoanites (l-'
Trilobita '•>'•'•
B i bl i ograph y 90
List of Chinese localities referred to in the text, arranged alphabetically under tin-
several provinces -'9
Explanation of Plate?
POUR J1IEN SAVOIR UNK CHOSE, IL FATTT EN SAVOIR LES PKTAII.S.
IvA ROCHEFOUCAULD.
ORDOYICIAN FOSSILS FROM NORTH CHINA.
BY
A. W. GJIABAU,
INTRODUCTION.
i
In his classical work on China, Ferdinand von Richthofen classified the great
limestone formations which underlie the coal-bearing series of north China as "Kohlen-
kalk " and referred them to the Carboniferous Limestone of Europe. In this he was not
altogether wrong, for we now recognize the existence of Lower Carboniferous (Dinantian)
limestones in north China, which carry many elements of the Carboniferous Limestone
fauna of western Europe.
The greater part of the limestone series here under consideration was expressly
excluded by v. Richthofen from his Sinian System which comprised the Cambrian and
older rocks. It and a part of the rocks included in the Sinian arc now known to be of
Ordovician age, as was indeed recognized by Freeh, who in the fifth volume of v.
Kichthofen's monumental work, published in 1911, described two specimens of Actinoceras,
(.1. riflttliofeni Freeh) collected by von Richthofen in Manchuria, and correctly referred
them to the Upper Ordovician. Freeh further recognized that this form was similar to,
or even identical with, a species of Actinoceras from Canada which was figured by Bar-
rande under the name Actinoceras richardsoni Stokes. Freeh also described a fragmentary
gastropod collected by von Richthofen in the same strata, and referred it tentatively to
H'lpltixtomtt mjuilaterum Koken which occurs in the Chasmops-Kalk (Upper Ordovician)
of western Europe. He also notes the occurrence of specimens of Actinoceras sp. and
Tfochoceras sp, from Shantung, in the British Museum, together with Dalmanella cf.
testudinaria (p. 8).
Previous to the appearance of Freeh's monograph, G. C. Crick (1903) had
described and figured several specimens of Actinoceras obtained by the Rev. Samuel
(0 4 Palxontologia Sinica Ser. B
Couling from the neighborhood of Tsingchou-Fu, Kiaochow, Shantung. Crick however
did not identify his specimens specifically, referring to one as closely allied to Actinoceras
(Ormoceras) tenuifilum Hall from the Black River formation of New York, and to another
as possibly representing the genus Gonioceras, a reference which now appears to be pro-
bably correct. Besides the cephalopods, Crick mentioned the occurrence of several small
brachiopods. According to Buckman " the general appearance suggests Orthis (Dalma-
nella) tf.studinaria Dalman, an Ordovician species"*). This is the first published
demonstration of the Ordovician age of these limestone in north China, In 1906 Th.
Lorenz ** described the following species from the Ordovician of Shantung the first three
from Ho-shan the fourth from Santefan.
1. Asaphus bcehmi Lorenz. 3. Hyolithes sp.
2. Madurea logani Salter. 4.^ Plectambonites sericeus (Sowerby).
Freeh (in Richthofen V p. 14) referred the first three of these to the Middle
Ordovician the fourth to the Upper Ordovician.
In their investigations of the geology of parts of northern China which appeared
before Freeh's monograph, -Bailey Willis and Elliott Blackwelder (in 1903-1904) recog-
nized that the greater part of von Richthofen 's Kohlenkalk was to be referred to the
Ordovician. Professor Stuart Weller, of the University of Chicago, who studied the
fossils collected by Blackwelder, recognized the existence of the cephalopod genus
Orthoceras, the gastropods Madurea? or Helicotoma? and Lophospira, the trilobite Asaphus?,
and the brachiopods Strophomena and Orthis (Dalmanella?) in the Ordovician rocks of
Shantung but he was unable to make specific determinations because of the poor state of
preservation of the fossils. He however described a number of species collected by
Blackwelder in the Yangtze region (south China) *** and recognized their affinities with
European Middle Ordovician species. Previously, several authors had described Ordovi-
cian fossils from south China among them S. P. Woodward (1856) Kingsmill (1869) and
Grieve (1887). The first described the well-known "Pagoda stone ': as Orthoceras
sp. and this was later redescribed by Foord as Orlhoceras chinense Foord (1888). Kayser
and Freeh also described a number of Ordovician species from southern China, (v.
Richthofen Vols. IV and V) and a number of these have since been redescribed with
others by H. Yabe and I. Hayasaka in their work "Palaeontology of South China"
(1920). Several Ordovician species from south China were also described and recorded
*) Crick loc. cit p. 483.
**) Beitrage zur Geologie und PaUeontologie von Ostasien, pt II pp 84-90 pi VI.
***) For stratigraphic studies the Yangtzekiang forms the approximate dividing line between North and South
China.
Vol I. Graban — Ordovieian Fossils from North China (i) 5
by Martclli (1901) Mansuy (1902) Brown (1913) and G. Pellizzari (1913).
In all these studies however, only one new species was recognized in addition to
the Actinoceras from the Ordovieian of north China, namely Asaphus bwhmi Lorenz from
Shantung, though a number of generic determinations were made and a few forms
identified with European species. Actinoceras richthofcni has remained up to the present
the only specifically identified ccphalopod known from the Ordovieian of north China,
but this species was definitely known only from Manchuria.
During the progress of investigations carried on by the Geological Survey of
China, a considerable number of specimens of Actinoceras was obtained from the
provinces of Chihli and Shantung. Material was also sent to the Survey by residents in
various districts. Only a few other fossils were however obtained. Early in the present
year sonic additional species were obtained from Tangshan in the Kaiping coal basin by
Messrs. Fred. K. Morris, Geo. B. Barbour and A. C. Terrill, and later, a survey expedi-
tion, in charge of the author, began a systematic study of the stratigraphy of certain parts of
the Kaiping basin. The party included Professor George B. Barbour of Yenching college
(Peking Christian University) and Messrs. Y. C. Sun and S.-C. Chean of the Survey. In
the field we were joined by Dr. F. F. Matthieu, Geologist of the Kailan Mining
Administration and Mr. Jacques Gerard engineer and geologist of the Chaokouchuang
mines and later by Mr. C. H. Huang of the Machiakou mining staff *). The greater part
of the fossils from the upper beds herein described was collected at that time.
•
The discovery of the Lower Ordovieian fauna of the Ching-wang-tao region north
of the Kaiping basin is to the credit of Dr. F. F. Matthieu who placed the material in my
hands for description, and with true scientific spirit has deposited the types and illustrated
specimens in the museum of the Survey, where they are accessible to all students and
specialists.
The Ordovieian species at present known from north China comprise 31 genera
*). It gives me great pleasure to acknowledge the uniform courtesy and helpfulness of the officers of the various
mines notably M. Ale^andre Doquicr Chief of Staff Tangshan, M. Maurice Derwiduee Chief engineer of the Cbaokouchuang
mines and Mr. Ch. P. Huang, Chief engineer of the Machiakou mints. To Messrs. Mattbieu, Gerard and C. H. Huang we are
also greatly indebtul for efficient aid and guidance in our field-work, and to the first for placing at my disposal collections pre-
viously and since then made by him, especially in Shantung, and from the Lower Ordovieian beds of the Cliingnangtao region
of east Chihli, this lower fauna having been discovered by him. To Mr. W. S. Nathan president of the Kailan Mining
Administration special acknowledgments and thanks arc gladly tendered for his courtesy in giving us unlimited oppoitunity to
study the mines and properties in the Kaiping basin under his control, and for putting at our disposal bousing accomodations,
transportation and mechanical assistance.
(i) 6 Palscordoloyia Sinica Ser. B
and 58 species 45 of these being specifically identified.* All except five of the species are
new. Three new genera, and a new family of cephalopods, that of the Ckihlioceratidee arc
described.
STRATIGRAPHIC SUMMARY.
Willis and Blackwelder applied the name Tsinan formation to the entire
Ordovician series of North China, which they regarded as a unit. The name was taken
from Tsi-nan-fu in Shantung near which the upper beds of the series are well exposed. It
is now known that there are several Ordovician formations in north China, with probably
a disconformity between the higher and the lower divisions. The base of the Ordovician
has been definitely located in the vicinity of the little hamlet of Yehli, about 9 li or about
3.6 miles east-north-east of Machiakou in the Kaiping Coal Basin. Here the Ordovician
beds rest disconformably upon the Upper Cambrian or Cambro-Ordovician transition
beds, the Fengshan formation, which carries a fauna recalling the Ceratopyge fauna of
Europe, including a new species of Ceratopyge. The disconformity is marked by an
irregular erosion surface of the Fengshan formation followed by a basal conglomerate
which marks the beginning of the Ordovician limestones **).
To the limestone immediately succeeding this basal conglomerate we 'have given
the name Yehli formation, and from it the following species have been obtained.
CEPHALOPODA
Suecoceras yehliense Grabau
Suecoceras attenuatum Grabau
Extremely meager as this fauna is, it is sufficient to indicate early Ordovician,
but whether it is Lower or early Middle Ordovician must for the present remain undeter-
mined. The limestones of this region have a total thickness, according to the measure-
ments of Mr. H. C. T'an,- of approximately 800 meters, but whether this series is
continuous or separated into two divisions by a hiatus, has not yet been ascertained.
UPPER ORDOVICIAN
The upper beds of the Ordovician of the Kaiping basin are well exposed at
Machiakou, south-west of Yehli, and from this locality the formation is named the Machia-
kou division or Machiakou formation. This is the typical Actinoceras limestone, widely
exposed in the Kaiping basin from Chaokouchuang on the east to Tangshan on the west.
It is again known by fossils from the Western Hills of Peking, from the Sliansi border,
*) This includes two varieties. Two others have been tentatively referred to known species.
*») This will be described by the author in the Bulletin of the Geological Survey.
V»l I. dralxni — Ordovician Fossils from North China (l) 7
from south Chihli, from various parts of Shantung and from Manchuria. The fossils so far
obtained from it occur in the upper 10 to 15 meters, but it must be clearly understood
that over this entire region of its known-exposure it has suffered pre-Carboniferous
erosion, and that beds of late Palaeozoic age - usually Lower Carboniferous or Dinantian,
but sometimes Upper Carboniferous or Uralian and in some cases perhaps Permo-Carboni-
ferous beds rest upon them. Thus the fossiliferous upper beds arc probably not always of
llu- same horizon, though it is possible that Actlnoceras may have only a limited vertical
range, in which case the pre-Carboniferous erosion over wide areas was relatively uniform
in amount.
FAUXA OF TIIK MACHIAKOU OR ACTIXOCERAS L1MKSTOXE
•
The following species have been obtained from the upper part of the Machiakou
or Actinoceras limestone *).
BRACHIOPODA
1 Ortltis calliyramtna Dalm. var. orthambonites (de Vern.), Chihli
* 2 Urtliisf sp., Shantung (VVeller)
3 Dalmanella cf. testudinaria Dalm., Shantung (Crick, Freeh)
4 Strophomena cf. inciirvata (Shepard), Chihli
* 5 Strophomena sp. , Shantung (Weller)
* 6 Plectambonites sericeus (Sow. ), Shantung (Lorenz)
PELECYPODA
7 Ctenodonta symmetrica Grabau, Chihji
GASTROPODA
* 8 Maclurea? or Hdwotomaf sp., Shantung (VVeller)
* 9 Maclurea logani Salter, Shantung (Lorenz)
10 Eccylioptcrus kushanensis Grabau, Chihli
11 Eccyiiomphalus tangshanensis Grabau, Chihli
12 Lophospira morrisi Grabau, Chihli „
13 Lophospira pulchelliform is Grabau, Chihli
14 Lophospira trochiformis Grabau, Chihli
1") Lophospira acuta Grabau, Chihli
16 Lophospira gerardi Grabau, Chihli
17 Lophospira gerardi var. laxa Grabau, Chihli
*). Ths species preceded by and asterisk are recorded by Crick, Weller, lorenz, Kreclielc. from Shantung and one
No. 34, from Manchuria. All of these, except the last, I have not seen.
(0 8 Palseontologia Sinica Ser. B
18 Lophospira terrassa Grabau, Chibli
19 Lophospira obscura Grabau, Cbibli
* 20 Lophospira sp., Shantung (Weller)
21 Pagodispira derwiduii Grabau, Cbibli
22 Pagodispira dorothea Grabau, Chibli
23 Pagodispira dorothea var. laxa Grabau, Cbibli
24 Liospira barbouri Grabau, Chihli
* 25 Liospira sp. (RaphistomacL nequilatemm Koken, Freeh), Manchuria (Freeh)
26 Salpingostoma terrilli Grabau, Chihli
CONULARIDA
* 27 Hyolithes sp., Shantung (Lorenz)
CEPHALOPODA
28 Vaginoceras tsinanense Grabau, Chibli
* 29 Orthoceras sp. (several), Shantung (Weller)
30 Cydoccras? peitoutzense Grabau, Chibli
31 Stereoplasmoceras pseudoseptatam Graba.u, Chihli, Shantung
32 Stereoplasmoceras machiakounense Grabau, Chihli, Sliantung
33 Stereoplasmoceras actinoceriforme Grabau, Chihli
34 Actinoceras richthofeni Freeh, Chihli, Shantung, Manchuria (Freeh)
35 Actinoceras tani Grabau, Chihli, Shantung
36 Actinoceras coulingi Grabau, Shantung (Crick), Honan, Chihli
37 Actinoceras suanpanoides Grabau, Shantung
38 Actinoceras submarginale Grabau, Cbibli
39 Actinoceras nanum Grabau, Chihli
40 Actinoceras cvrvatum Grabau, Shantung
41 Ci/rtactinoceras frechi Grabau, Chihli, Shantung
42 Gonioceras shantungense Grabau, Shantung
* 43 Trochoceras sp., Shantung (Freeh)
TRILOBITVE
44 Asaphus bcelimi Lorenz, Shantung (Lorenz), Chihli
45 Asaphus? sp. or Isottlus sp., Chihli
* 46 Asaphus f sp., Shantung (Weller)
A consideration of this fauna clearly shows it to be of early Upper Ordovician age
corresponding to the fauna of the Black River limestone of New York and Canada and to
Vol I, Grabau — Ordovician Fossils from North China. (i) 9
the early Trenton beds of the central and eastern United States and Canada. Although
no species can be said to be absolutely identical, (except perhaps Actinoceras richthofeni,
with which is identified a specimen figured by Barrande from Canada*) still the majority
are representatives of species occurring in the'American early Upper Ordovician forma-
tions, and indeed, in some cases these Chinese species are hardly more than geographical
varieties of the American forms. As such they indicate a very close correspondence of
horizons. The presence in our Chinese fauna, of forms closely analogous to species found
in the Stones River or upper Middle Ordovician of North America, indicates that the
hori/on is to be regarded as at the boundary-line between Middle and Upper Ordovician.
Thus it is quite safe to correlate the Actinoceras horizon essentially with the Black River
formation of North America. How much of the underlying series of limestones represents
Middle Ordovician and what part is of Early Ordovician age, cannot at present be
determined.
The only European form I have noted in addition to those recorded by Crick,
Lore n z and Freeh, is Orthis calligramma variety orthambonites, of the type figured by de
\Vrneuil from Russia.
LOWER ORDOVICIAN.
Undoubted Lower Ordovician fossils were discovered by Dr. F. F. Matthieu in
the Shi-mun-chai region northwest of Ching-wang-tno in northeastern Chihli. The
stratigraphic succession here is as follows according to Dr. Matthieu.**)
CARBONIFEROUS FORMATION
(Great hiatus and disconformity)
ORDOVICIAN FORMATION
Liangchiashan formation 275m.
Gray massive more or less dolomitic limestone with fbwiliferoua horizon
(F3) 53 m. below the top 129m.
Limestone conglomerate (intraformational) 1 m.
Gray massive limestone 118 m.
Conglomeratic limestone, grayish blue 1 m.
Pule grayish limestone in thin layers 2fi in.
Shihmunchai formation 155m.
Interstratified sill 6 m.
*). The presence in this limestone in Shantung of Dalmanella ct ttttudinaria and PlfftamboniUt tmcnu as
recorded by Crick, Lorenz and Freeh also suggests enrly Trenton, while Maclurea lognni recorded by I.orenz again suggests the
Black River, being known from that horizon in Canada as well as from Europe.
**). The stratigraphy of this region will be more fully discussed by Dr. Matthieu in a forthcoming Bulletin of
the Survey.
(0 10 Palxontologia Sinica Scr. B
Shales and slialy limestones, yellowish gray to violet 79m.
Brownish and red limestone conglomerate 5m.
Platey limestone 17 m.
Interstratified sill 7 m.
Shales and slialy limestones 22 m.
Limestone 5m.
Brown shales and calcarenytes 13 m.
Brownish-red limestone conglomerate 1 m.
Pettintze formation (exposed) 95m.
Oolitic limestone 23 m.
Bluish black massive limestone with fossil horizons F2, 10 meters and Fl,
33 meters below the top 72m.
Base not exposed
Total exposed thickness of Ordovician 525m.
The most significant fact revealed by the study of this section is the absence of
the Machiakou or Actinoceras limestone, which over such a wide area directly underlies
the Carboniferous formations. This indicates a very pronounced pre-Carboniferous
erosion in this region and further, a marked irregularity of attitude of the Ordovician
strata, for a short distance to the south the higher limestones are present, and they are
again found further to the north in Manchuria.
PEILINTZE LIMESTONE. — A noteworthy fact is the apparent entire distinctness
of the two faunas found in the limestones of this section. The fauna of the lower or
Peilinfze limestone at present comprises the following species:
ACTINOZOA (?)
1 Archii'ocyathns (Arclxoscyphia) chihliense Grabau
GASTROPODA
2 Ophileta squamosa Grabau
3 Fasispira sp.
CEPHALOPODA
4 Protocameroceras mattJiieui Grabau
5 Chihlioceras nathani Grabau
6 Chihlioceras chingtuangtaoense Grabau
? 7 Piloceras platyventmm Grabau (doubtful from this horizon).
The presence of Archd'ocyathus in this fauna is noteworthy. This genus, and
indeed all of the Archieocyathinic, are typical of Cambrian horizons, occurring most
Vol I. Graban — Ordovician Fossils from North China (i) 11
commonly in the Lower Cambrian. One species however A. minganense Bill, has been
obtained from the Lower Ordovician of the Mingan Islands eastern Canada. This species
has no inner wall and has been made by Hinde the type of his new genus Archssowyphia,
Our species is of the same generic type. The occurrence of this fossil, which appears to be
fairly common, is sufficient indication that the Peilintxe limestone represents lowest
Ordovician. The presence of a Protocameroceras very similar to P. brainardi of the
American Beekmantown, further indicates the correctness of this classification, as does
nlso the presence of Ophileta. Chihlioceras represents a new type of cephalopod and for
it the new family of the Ckihlioceratidx is erected. Its nearest relation is Piloceras, but it
is very distinct from this in its siphuncular structure, which, curiously enough, is much
more specialized and complicated than is that of Piloceras. The presence in this fauna of
the species of the latter genus, characteristic of the higher formation, is open to some
doubt, as it is possible that there may have been a mislabeling of specimens in the field.
If it really belongs here, it is the only species which the two divisions have in common.
The base of the Peilintze limestone has not yet been found, and its relationship
to the older horizons is therefore unknown. All of the material here described comes
from the lowest fossiliferous horizon (F 1) except one fragment which contains several
specimens of Ophileta apparently of the same species as that in the lower horizon, though
the material is rather imperfectly preserved. This comes from F 2.
LIANCHIASHAN LIMESTONE. — No fossils have been obtained from the intermediate
shales and limestone of the Shihmunchai formation. The upper or Lianchiashan limestones
carry a fossil horizon (F 3) 223 meters above the base. At this level the following
species occur.
GASTROPODA CEPHALOPODA
1 Ophileta plana Grabau 3 Cameroceras styliforme Grabau
2 Hormotoma doquieri Grabau 4 Piloceras platyventmm Grabau
This is a small but distinctive fauna, and one confined to this horizon unless the
presence of Piloceras platyventmm in the lower beds should be substantiated. Both the
Piloceras and the Ophileta indicate Lower Ordovician, or a horizon approximate- by
equivalent to the upper Beekmantown of North America. Hormotoma indicates a some-
what higher horizon and the fauna may perhaps represent early .Middle Ordovician, but
can scarcely be higher so far as the known species permit us to judge.
The relationship of these faunas to the Ordovician faunas of the Kaiping basin
farther south, is still obscure. The beds which there rest disconformably upon the Upper
Cambrian have so far furnished few fossils only, all of which are entirely unknown in
either of the two horizons in the Shih-mun-chai region. Further search may of course
(i) 12 Palteontologia Sinica Ser. P>
bring common species to light, and demonstrate the correspondence of the Yehli lime-
stone series to one or the other of the formations in the more northern region. When
such new material is obtained, it will be described in further numbers of this publication.
DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES
Class ANTHOZOA
Family ARCH^EOCYATHINAE
Genus ARCH/EOCYATHUS Billings
(Subgenus Archccoscyphia Hinde)
Archaeocyathus (Archaeoscyphia) chihliense Grabau (sp. nov.)
Plate I Figs. 1-3
Caliculum irregularly sub-conical, apparently expanding in a uniform manner.
Basal portion unknown. Adult portion sub-circular to sub-oval in transverse section, the
latter possibly accentuated by compression in some specimens. Septate portion (thecarium)
thick, enclosing a hollow calicular cavity which, in the subcylindrical specimens, has a
diameter something over one third the diameter of the entire caliculum. This cavity is
well defined by the inner ends of the main septa, which attain a uniform length, but are
not bounded by any definite inner wall, or endotheca. Outer wall or exotheca formed by
the thickening of the outer ends of the septa, and their irregular confluence, the result
being a very porous wall.
Septa thin, formed apparently by a series of small confluent trabeculre, this re-
sulting in the production of thin radial plates of a very porous nature, so that in transverse
section they appear as disconnected trabecuke, disposed in radial lines. They are very
numerous and arranged in groups of three or four each, the groups being separated by
interspaces which are about twice as wide as the interspaces between the adjoining septa
of a group. Occasionally one of these broader interspaces is occupied by a short septum
in the peripheral region.
A section 28 mm. in diameter (PI I fig. 3), shows about 33 groups of septa,
making a total of from 100 to 120 septa. The specimen from which this section is cut
appears to have had a somewhat flaring outer edge to its calyx, a section of this showing
on one side, because of slight obliquity of the cut. In this outer portion the septa are
Vol I.
Grabau — OnJurician Fossils from North China
(i) 13
mostly continuous, very thin, and slightly serrate. They form a pronounced contrast
with the inner portions of the septa which, in section, are discontinuous. Occasionally
t\vo of the outer septa become confluent.
The following are the measurements of this section: —
Longer diameter, exterior 3G mm.
,, ,, interior 13 ,,
Thickness of thecarium 16 ,,
»
Thickness on opposite side 7 ,,
Transverse diameter, exterior 28 ,,
,, ,, interior 11 ,,
Thickness of thecarium 8 , ,
Thickness on opposite side 9 ,,
A specimen (Plate I, fig. 2), which evidently has been compressed laterally, has
a present maximum diameter on the exposed weathered surface of 80 mm., while the
shorter diameter is 40 mm. A series of sections cut across this caliculum 25, 27 and 80
mm. from the exposed surface, and parallel to it, shows so little difference in measure-
ments that we must infer that the caliculum, in this part at least, was subcylindrical.
These facts are brought out by a comparison of the following measurements. (Section
No. 4 is nearest the top of the caliculum).
Interval
Outside of caliculum
Inside of caliculum
SECTION:
between
sections
Maximum
Diameter
Minimum
Diameter
Maximum
Diameter
Minimum
Diameter
1 . Weathered surface
1
80 mm.
40 mm.
45 mm.
20 mm.
> 25 mm.
2. Polished section
/
&"> ,.
37 ,,
•>n „
14 „
2 „
*• 1! 11
J
)
85 „
40 ,,
.-,:; „
12 „
• 53 „
**• J » » )
]
100 „ ±
•>•"> ,,
fio „
22 „
Rate of tapering in 80 mm.
1 in 4
1 in 5.3
1 in 5.3
1 in S *
If the tapering was fairly uniform the length of the specimen must have been
between 35 and 40 centimeters; actually it was probably about half that.
A third specimen, the largest obtained (Plate I tig. 1.) shows the following
measurements on the exposed weathered surface and in a section 50 mm. below this and
parallel to it. The total length was probably 20 cm. or over.
*) In last part only.
(i) 14
Palxontologia Sinica
Ser. B
SECTION
Interval
Outside of caliculum
Inside of caliculum
Maximum
Diameter
Minimum
Diameter
Maximum
Diameter
Minimum
Diameter
1. Weathered surface
2. Polished section
50 mm.
112 mm.
90? ,,
80mm.
70 ,,
GO mm.
42 ,,
44 mm.
30 ,,
Rate of tapering
1 in 2.3
1 in 5
1 in 2.8
1 in 3.57
These measurements clearly indicate the gently tapering character of the calicu-
lum and the variation in the thickness of the wall or thecarium vertically. We have no
means at present of determining the length of the calicnlum, but that it was very great is
shown by the fact, that in one of the specimens there is so little variation in diameters in
the known length of nearly 90 mm. It is quite possible that this species grew to be over
30 cm. in length.
There is considerable variation in the thickness of the wall around the periphery
as shown in the sections. Measurements at four successive points around the periphery
gave for three different specimens :
Section pi. 1 fig. 3
Section pi. 1 fig. 2
Section pi. 1 fig. 1
16
19
37 "
8
12
16
7
9
15
9
10
20
From the several sections it appears that the form was subcylindrical with the
surface of the thecarium scarcely undulating, nor did it exhibit such marked protuber-
ances as characterize A. minganense, though scattered tubercles may have existed.
Comparisons. This species agrees with Archxocyathus minganense Billings in the
absence of the inner wall of the thecarium. Its absence in A. minganense has been insisted
upon by Hinde (1889) though Billings' figures (1862, figs. 343-344) indicate its presence
(see also Roemer 1876, pi. II, fig. 2a, b). Because of the absence of the inner wall, Hinde
erected for this species the new genus Archxoscyphia. Hinde and subsequent authors (see
especially Taylor 1910) were in error in believing A. minganense to be a Cambrian
Vol I. Grabaii — Ordovician Fossils from North China (i) 15
species. The Mingan Islands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence north of Anticosti Island, are
composed of Ordovician strata, both Beekmantown and Chazy being present, while
Potsdam sandstone (possibly only a basal sandy phase of the Beekmantown rather
than true Postdam) occurs on the mainland to the north. A minganense and A.
cliiltlinixt' thus appear to be the last survivors of the Archseocyathinse, which continued
into the Lower Ordovician. Our species has a proportionately thicker thecarium than A.
iiiitHjuncnse, while the arrangement of the septa in groups of 4 or 5 further differentiate
it from the American species. The strong annulations and nodes characteristic of the
latter, are not developed in the Chinese form, or only slightly so.
HORIZON AND LOCALITY: This species was collected by Dr. F. F. Mathieu from
the Peilintze limestone of Pei-lin-tze, Shih-mun-chai region eastern Chihli province, at
horizon No. I. It is associated with Ophileta squamosa, Camcroceras and Chihlioceras.
The age is Lower Ordovician.
Class BRACHIOPODA
Order Protremata Beecher
Family ORTHIDyE Woodward
Genus ORTHIS Dalman
(Emend. Hall and Clarke)
Orthis calligramma Dalm.
var. orthambonites von Buch (de Verneuil)
Plate I. Figs. 4a - c, 5a - d
1827 Orthis calligramma Dalman, Kon. Vet. Acad. Handl. p. 114, pi. 2 fig. 3.
1845 Orthis calligramma de Verneuil, in Murch. De Vern. & Kayserl. Geology of Russia and
the Ural Mountains, Vol II, p. 207, plate XIII, figs. 7a - 7f, and var. orthambonites von Buch,
ibid. figs. 8a - 8g.
1868 Orthis calligramma Davidson, British Silurian Brachiopoda ( Pala-ontographical Society Mono-
graphs), p. 240, pi. XXXV figs. 1 - 17 (Bibliography and synonymy).
1883 Orthis calligramma Kayser, in Richthofen, China Vol. IV, p. 40, pi. Ill, figs. 10- 13.
1901 Orthis calligramma var. scrica Martelli, Boll, della Soc. Geol., Ital. vol. XX, p. 297, pi. 4,
figs, 1 -4; var daridsoni Martelli, idem. p. 301, pi. 45, figs. 5-6.
1913 Orthis calligramma Weller, in Willis, Research in China, vol. Ill, p. 282, pi. 25, figs, 3-6.
(l) 16 Palicontologia Sinica Ser. B
Shell small sub-semicircular, wider than high, with the pedicle valve strongly,
and the brachial valve more gently convex. Hinge-line forming the greatest width of
the shell, cardinal angles rectangular, sides and front regularly rounded.
'Pedicle valve somewhat sharply arcuate in transverse section, the greatest
elevation between one third and one half the distance forward from the beak, which is
elevated and very slightly incurved over the area. Cardinal area high, arched, and of
triangular outline, with a median triangular delthyrium which is higher than its basal
width.
Brachial valve sub-semicircular, with a slightly salient beak which is not in-
curved. Cardinal area narrow, about one third as high, in the center, as the pedicle area.
Contour depressed-convex, the greatest elevation about one third the length forward
from the beak. A very faint median depression towards the front.
Surface of shell marked by strong regular rounded plications, with deep inter-
spaces about equal in width to the plications in the earlier part, but wider towards the
front, There are from 19 to 21 of them .on the pedicle valve, and a corresponding number
on the brachial valve. The plications decrease very gradually in size towards the lateral
margins, except on the cardinal extremities where the last three or more are fine and
narrow. Growth-lines very fine and rather obscure. In some specimens the plications
become rather widely separated near the front, as their own width does not increase in
proportion. This gives a very marked character to that part of the shell, as compared
with specimens in which the plications thicken more in proportion.
The dimensions of a nearly complete small specimen (pi. I figs. 5a-d) are:
height of pedicle valve G.2 mm., height of brachial valve 5.7 mm., width of shell at
hinge area 8.5 mm. -Fragments of larger individuals also occur.
The numerous varieties currently classed under this specific name require a
«
thorough revision, when it will probably appear, that there are a number of distinct
genetic series. The common Upper Ordovician (Caradocian) form of western Europe
illustrated by Davidson in plate XXXV figs. 1 and 2, is strongly biconvex, and belongs
probably to the genus Plectorthis which is derived from Ortliis proper by the increase,
among other features, of the convexity of the brachial valve, until in that respect it is
essentially equal to the pedicle -valve. On the other hand, in more primitive mutations
(primitive at least, so far as convexity of the brachial valve is concerned) the two valves
are very unlike, and to this group our specimens belong. That transitional forms connect
the two series does not justify us in uniting them, for transitional forms between species
of a genetic series are normal and to be expected. The increase in the size of the
I 'nl I. <lrali«n — Ordovician Fossils from North China (l) 17
plications (or of the interspaces) is characteristic of a distinct evolutional direction, and
the increase in number is equally characteristic of another, the two evolutional lines
1 icing divergent. Interpreted in terms of mantle growth, which is, after all, the key to the
surface features of the shell, the regular increase in si/c of the plications without inter-
calation of new striae, signifies a uniform interstitial growth of the marginal or shell-
building mantle-tissues, i. c. a uniform rate, and a uniform distribution of growth. The
development of intercalated plications on the other hand, signifies a proportionately more
rapid mantle growth of the portions corresponding to the interspaces, and this excess of
growth has to be compensated for by a folding of the mantle, and the corresponding
formation of plications. In other words, individuals with intercalated plications indicate
unequal mantle growth, while those in which new plications are added only at the hinge-
margin, indicate relative uniformity of mantle growth. It is evident, that the two groups
represent divergent lines of evolution. Our variety belongs to the latter group, and it is
the one figured and described by de Verneuil as variety orthambonites, and it is to his
figures 8b - d, that our form most nearly corresponds.
The variety described by Weller from eastern Szechuan has fine radiating striae
intercalated between the coarser ones, while that described and figured by Kayser from
the "Light gray Brachiopod limestone of Kiau-tchang-pa, " though larger, agrees in all
essentials with the specimens from Chihli.
HORIZON AND LOCALITY: In the upper part of the Machiakou (Actinoceras)
limestone of Chaokouchuang in the Kaiping coal basin, eastern Chihli province. CoJlec-
ted by survey expedition.
Family STROPHOMENIDAE King
Genus STROPHOMENA Rafinesque
Strophomena cf incur vata (Shepard)
Plate I fig. 6.
cf.1893 Strophomena inciirrata (Shepard), Winchell and Schuchert. Paleontology of Minnesota, V<»1.
I, (With bibliography and synonymy.)
cf.1909 Stropliomcna inciirrata (Shepard), Grabnu and Shinier, North American Index Fossils, Vol.
I, p. 223, figs. 271, a- d.
cf.1913 Strophomena sp. undt. Weller, in Willis. Research in China, Vol. Ill, p. 281, pi. 25, figs. 1, 2.
l'i) 18 PaliKontologia Sinica Ser. B
At least one species of Strophomenoid shell allied, to 8. incurvala is common in
the upper Machiakou limestone. It is of medium size, moderately concavo-convex, with
the hingeline forming the greatest width of the shell.
Pedicle valve gently concave with a well developed hinge area. In some of the
specimens the earliest stage of this valve, noAV forming the Leak, is more or less strongly
convex but this is usually a very small apical portion, and in some shells this is not
shown at all. In consequence these suggest the characters of the brachial valve of a
Rafinesquina. A specimen of this kind however shows a high hinge area, thus indicating
that it is the pedicle valve, and that the generic reference is to Strophomena. Only half
of the area is shown, but this is enough to show the triangular delthyrium partly covered
by a rather short deltidial plate. The contour of the valve varies in different specimens
from nearly flat to pronouncedly concave, the greatest concavity being in the anterior
third.
Brachial valve strongly convex. No specimen has been observed in which the
apical portion is depressed or concave, as is often if not generally the case in the genus.
In some specimens the center of the valve is most strongly elevated, the sides being
depressed-convex. Such a shell when small, has something of the aspect of a Dalmanella.
In other specimens, the contour of the valve is regularly arched transversely, while the
longitudinal contour shows the greatest convexity somewhat in front of the middle. In a
few specimens the longitudinal contour is slightly undulating, due to faint and ill-defined
concentric wrinklings, while near the front, the valve tends downward rather abruptly.
Surface marked by rather strong radiating stria? which increase in strength
forward, and are multiplied by the intercalation of other stria;. These are at first much
finer, but also become strengthened towards the front, while at the same time other fine
stride appear in the widening interspaces. Thus the aspect of the surface is that of strong
strise with from three to five finer ones between each pair of coarser ones. Very fine
concentric lines cancellate the striae and mark the interspaces, where they are strongest.
They are very numerous and close-set.
The width of an average specimen is 14 mm. the height 8 rnm. or more.
HORIZON AND LOCALITIES: This is a common form in the massive dark-gray
calcilutytes of the upper Machiakou limestone series at Chaokonchuang. As a rule the
shells are closely crowded, and so much a part of the rock, that it is practically impossible
to prepare the specimens, and observations arc limited to the fracture exposures. Only
in rare cases, where the rock has weathered upon the surface, is the shell visible in relief
and preparation with the needle point is possible.
\'ul I. <!i-(tb(t>( — Ordoncian Fossils from North China (l) 19
Weller described similar shells as abundant in the Ki-su-ling limestone on the
Ta-ning River in eastern Szechuan, where they were collected by Blackwelder. His
s|Hriiuens indicate a somewhat larger size than our form, but appear to be of the same
species. The reference of our species to the American S. incurvata is tentative, and
indeed is probably not warranted. Better material is however necessary before it is
possible to make a complete characterization of our form. It will probably be found to be
a new species.
S. incurvata is a characteristic and abundant fossil of the Trenton limestone of
New York and of the central United States, where it is widely distributed.
Class PELECYPODA
Order Prionodesmacea
Family CTENODONTID^C Hall
Genus CTENODONTA Salter
Ctenodonta symmetrica Grabau (sp. nov.)
Plate I Fig. 7.
Shell small, transverse, beak stibcentral; hinge-line somewhat sharply arcuate,
marked with rather strong transverse denticulations ; ends subangularly rounded; ventral
margin nearly straight. The anterior end is somewhat broader than the posterior, but the
difference is not very pronounced. The anterior muscle-scar also appears slightly larger
than the posterior, but again the difference is slight. It is however more strongly
excavated than the posterior. There is a rather strong though low rounded ridge, extend-
ing from the posterior ventral margin of the anterior adductor scar towards the rostral
cavity, dying away before it reaches this. Surface characters unknown, but apparently
the shell is marked by simple growth-lines.
This small shell has some resemblance to Ctenodonta logani Salter of the Black
River of Wisconsin and Ontario, but the ends are more nearly equal and the denticulated
hinge-line is more arcuate. The muscular impressions also are more pronounced, while
the short internal anterior muscular ridge is distinctive. From G. fccanda Hall of the
Upper Ordovician (Maquoketa shale) it differs in the straight ventral margin, and the
strong muscular impressions. It has the character of hinge, and of muscular impressions
of C. pectunculoides Hall, of the Cincinnati group, but is of less rounded form.
(i) 20 Palscontologia Sinica Ser. B
HORIZON AND LOCALITY: In the upper Machiakou (Actinoceras) limestone of
Tangshan, associated with Lophospira, Pagodispira etc. Collected by Geo. B. Barbour.
Only a single right valve of this species is so far known, this showing the interior, while
the characters of the exterior are not visible.
The genus Ctenodonta is abundant in the Upper Ordovician of North America,
where it is represented by many species. From Chinese rocks Ctenodonta has heretofore-
been reported only from the Lower Ordovician of Pupino in western Yunnan (Cowper-
Reed) but the species has not l>een identified.
Class GASTROPODA*
Order Rhipidoglossa Troschel
Family EUOMPHALID^E de Koninck
Genus OPHIL.ETA Yanuxem
Ophileta plana Grabau (sp. nov.)
Plate IT, figs. 1, 2a -b.
Shell with the spire flattened to a plane, except for a faint sub-marginal keel, the
effect of which is to give the upper surface of the whorl, i. e. the shoulder, a faint
concavity. There are about six volutions in what appears to be an adult specimen, the
• It is desirable to define the various terms here used somewhat more precisely, since there is some variation in their
use. Spire is used in the usual sense for the spirally coiled portion of the shell above the last or body-u-horl. The angle formed
by the convergent sides of the spire is the apical angle, the body-whorl being excluded where this enlarges more rapidly, or is
separated from the earlier whorls. Whorl is used in a general sense for (he elements of the spire and for the last or body-whorl.
Volution is used more precisely for a complete coil, indicated by the lines of growth in juxtaposition on the two adjoining
whorls. When the number of whorls is given it refers to the number of coils in the shell counted upwards from the body -whorl.
In speaking of the first, second, third volution, or when the statement is made, that such and such a change occurs at the end of
3 1/2 volutions, or 4 volutions etc. the measurement is always from the npical point or protoconeh of the shell, the first volution
being completed by the line of growth opposite (next below) the apical point. The whorls are separated by the siituret. A
siiiural shflfis a flattening of the succeeding whorl below the suture. The subsiitural spiral or earina lies at the upper edge of
the next lower whorl, next below the suture. A giiliti-al canal is a depression at the suture, a sunken sutural shelf. Spirals are
fine revolving ridges, a earina is a thickened revolving ridge, which may be a single thick spiral or composed of several spirals.
It generally forms an angulation in the shell whorl. The strong angulation of the whorl next below the suture, is called the
shoulder angle, and is measured in degrees. It is often emphasized by the peripheral earina, and forms commonly the most
salient feature of the whorl. The space between the shoulder angle and the suture is the shoulder and it is usually flat or gently
concave or faintly convex. It may slope upwards as in I^ophospira, at right angles to the axis of coiling as in Ophileta and
Maclurea. or downward, and inwards, when the spire is depressed, as in Efcylioplcrm. The part below the shoulder angle is the
body of tilt whorl and it may contain one or more lower earinir each forming as a rule an angulation. They are numbered from
the shoulder angle downwards (forwards). Bibs or cosbc are transverse rounded elevation marking temporary expansions of the
whorl follow-ed by an equal contraction. If the expansion is suddenly abandoned, so as to leave an open forward-pointing or
flaring portion of lip exposed, this is called a rari.r. It may be spinose, and it may be confined to a single spine at the shoul-
der angle.
The degree to which the next whorl covers the preceding is called the amount of embracing of the wborls. When
the amount is small, so that most of the preceding whorl shows, the spire is said to be loose-coiled, if much is covered, it is
close-coiled. If the whorls become separated from the earlier ones they are said to be la.rly coiled. lax coiling begins with the
formation of a sutural canal or channel. In trochiform shells the embracing extends to the shoulder angle. In a few forms
with sunken spire, it may extend above the shoulder angle.
V«l I. Craban — Ordovician Fossils from North China (l) 21
upper surfaces of which all lie at the same level, or are depressed so faintly as to be
scarcely noticeable. Side or body of the whorl at first vertical, thus making the shoulder
angle 90 degrees. This vertically is most marked in the last or body-whorl of the adult
shell, whereas in the young, the contour quickly becomes rounded off inwards, this
rounding being progressively more pronounced in the younger portion of the shell. On
the under or umbilical side, the inner whorls are probably depressed, though so far only
weathered specimens have been obtained, in which the whorls appear entirely flat. In
these however the outer whorls are quite evidently worn down to the level of the inner.
In a young specimen partly freed from the matrix, this depression of the inner whorls is
indicated.
In an adult specimen, (Plate II, fig. 1) the greatest diameter of which is 24 mm.
the width of the final whorl (shoulder width) is 6.8 mm. In a young specimen (pi. II.
figs. 2a-b) with a maximum diameter of 14 mm., the final whorl has a diameter of 4 mm.
The most characteristic features of this species are: the flat surface of the spire
formed by the shoulder, the position of which is at right angles to the axis of the shell,
and the submarginal carina. The lines of growth are not sufficiently shown in any of the
specimens so far found to indicate whether or not there is a deep notch upon the keel
such as characterizes typical species of Ophileta. Nevertheless the general characters are
such as to make reference to the genus Ophileta most reasonable.
Of American species of the genus known to me, the present form comes in many
respects near to 0. compJanata, of the Beekmantown (Lower Ordovician). It differs
•
however from that species in the flat spire, and the sunken or depressed umbilical area,
which in the American form is flat, while the spire is depressed and the whorls concave.
As in the American form, the upper keel is submarginal and the sides of the shell flat
and nearly vertical, except in the lower portion, where they curve inwards in the Chinese
species.
In general appearance the Chinese species is very like that descripcd and figured
by de Verneuil as variety A, of Euomphalus qualteriatus Salter, in the Pakeontological
volume of the great work on the Geology of Russia and the Ural Mountains (p. 334, pi.
XXII, figs 2a, 21),), Indeed our form might be considered conspecific with the Russian
form (obtained from the Ordovician rocks of St. Petersburg), which is most certainly
distinct from Salter's species. The two forms are very similar, except for the absence in
the Russian form of the outer keel, which is distinctly shown in the Chinese species, and
for the fact that the shoulder angle of the Russian form is less than 90 degress.
HORIZON AND LOCALITY: This species was collected by F. F. Mathieu, geologist
of the Kailan Mining Administration, in the Liangchiashan limestone at Liang-Chia-
(i) 22 Palssontalogia Sinica Ser. B
Shan, Sbih-mun-chai (Shihmenchai) region near Chingwangtao eastern Chihli province
(horizon F3). The formation is Lower Ordovician.
Ophileta squamosa Grabau (sp. nov.)
Plate II Figs 3-6
Shell with sunken spire, the whorls nearly in a plane but asymmetrical, gradually
enlarging and in contact except, in some cases, in the last part of the final whorl.
Umbilicus very large. Whorls with a gently concave, slightly inward sloping shoulder,
limited within by a blunt angulation and without by a rather sharp carina or keel, which
is however .not greatly elevated. Outer surface of whorl regularly convex, in such a
manner that seen from above the carina is something less than one third of the width of
the whorl within the periphery. Lines of growth curving strongly backwards at the
carina, forming a pronounced apertural notch at that point.
On the umbilical side the whorls are gently convex or slightly angular at the
center with a pronounced but rounded carina next to the inner margin. On this side the
lines of growth are very squamose projecting at regular intervals, in the adult, in the form
of small sharp varices. These die away at the outer margin, but continue on the inner
carina and along the inside of the whorl to the point of contact with the preceding
whorl. Preceding the strongly squamose portion of the final whorl is a part where these
squamte have more the appearance of costse and are farther apart (plate II fig 4). This
condition is still slightly visible on a portion of the preceding whorl.
The largest adult individual of this species found (pi. II fig. 6), has a maximum
diameter of 38 mm. It is however a much worn specimen, and little can be added to the
characters. The width of the final whorl of the aperture is 15.5 mm., the enlargement
being rather rapid in the last stage. The growth lines are strongly squamose projecting
about. 0.7 mm. from the shell.
A section of another adult shell has a diameter of 30 mm., but shows only the
outer whorl (pi. II. fig. 5), the maximum diameter of which is 12 mm., this being some
distance behind the peristome. The outer surface of the shell is regularly rounded, from
the keel of the shoulder angle to the margin of the umbilicus which is characterized by a
faint rounded keel. The shoulder angle or keel lies about one third the distance in from
the periphery of the whorl as seen from above and it forms nearly a right angle. The
Vol T. Grabau — Ordorician Fossils from North China (i) 23
shoulder slopes strongly inward and is gently concave. The inner side of the whorl is
rounded with a very faint suggestion of an impressed zone where it was in contact with
(lie preceding whorl. The growth lines are squamose and crowded.
This species is of the type of Ophileta bella Billings which is found in the Beek-
mantown (Div P) of Newfoundland. The upper carina is however nearer to the outer
margin in the Chinese species and the shoulder more regularly concave. Again, the
linos of growth are not squamose on the upper surface of the Chinese species, as they are
in the Newfoundland form. On the umbilical side, the Chinese species is marked by a
rounded carina near the inner margin, this being absent in the Newfoundland species.
On this side too, the growth lines are much more strongly squamose in the Chinese than
in the Newfoundland form. Though related, these two forms are markedly distinct.
HORIZON AND LOCALITY: This species was obtained by Dr. F. F. Mathieu from
the Pcilintze or lower limestone of the Lower Ordovician, at Pei-Lin-Tze, Shihmunchai,
province of Chihli. It is not an uncommon form.
Genus ECCYLIOPTERUS Remele
Eccyliopterus kushanensis Grabau (sp. nov.)
Plate II Figs la. - c.
Shell of medium size consisting of about four volutions, which enlarge gradually
and regularly. Spire sunken; umbilical side nearly flat. Whorls of sub-rhomboidal
section, the shoulder sloping inward, with a sharp shoulder angle, which was scarcely
elevated into the marginal "collar". Shoulder angle of the inner whorls somewhat
greater than that of the outer ones, the shoulder itself sloping inward to a lesser degree
than in the adult, and being flat, whereas that of the outer whorls becomes slightly concave.
The successive whorls embrace to within a very short distance of the shoulder angle, which,
however, projects slightly in each whorl. Outer surfaces of the whorls very gently convex,
less so in the adult than in the earlier whorls, but not actually flattened. Towards the
umbilical side the whorls become regularly rounded, and separated by depressed sutures.
On this side the whorls are only very slightly depressed, so that a very large and very
shallow umbilicus results.
This species is related to Eccylioptcms sinensis (Freeh) (Raphistoma sinense
Freeh) from southern China. Comparison with a characteristic specimen from Hupeb.
(PI. II, fig. 8) shows it to be a flatter as well as larger shell. The whorls of the present
(i) 24 Paliconlologia Sinica 8er. B
species are not so high laterally as in E. sinensis, and the shoulder angle is somewhat
less pronounced. The sides of the Hupeh form too are less convex, becoming almost flat
in the last whorl, and the umbilicus is more depressed than in the northern species. In
E. sinensis too, the embracing is much more pronounced so that each outer whorl rises, on
its inner margin, above the shoulder angle of the preceding whorl, whereas in E.
Icushanensis the shoulder of the outer whorl meets the whorl next within, a very short
distance below the shoulder angle. This is shown in the sections on plate II. of which
fig. 7c represents the whorls of E. Icushanensis and 8d those of E. sinensis.
HORIZON AND LOCALITY: The only specimen so far known comes from the
Machiakou limestone of Ku-Shan, in Huo-Luh-Hsien western Chihli. This region has
also furnished Actinoceras richthofeni from apparently the same horizon.
Genus ECCYLIOMPHALUS Portlock
Eccyliomphalus tangshanensis Grabau (sp. nov.)
Plate II Fig. 9.
Shell large, laxly coiled, whorls not in contact, coiling essentially in a plane.
Whorls rather rapidly enlarging from about 10 mm. at the beginning, to 25 mm. at the
end of the final volution in the type specimen, in which only about one and a half
volutions are preserved. Earliest whorls unknown. Under side broadly rounded, inner
angle sharp and rectangular outer angle rounded. Upper surface unknown.
The specimen exposes only the lower side of the whorls which is partly worn.
Its large size (maximum diameter about 75 mm.) and rapidly enlarging whorls are
however very characteristic features. A section of a second specimen shows nearly two
complete volutions but the final portion is crushed inward giving the shell a smaller
proportional diameter. The diameter of the final volution is only about 18 mm. at the
end, and 7 mm. at the beginning, giving about the same rate of enlargement. This
specimen is worn down from the upper side. A comparison of the two specimens suggests
an ovate-triangular cross-section of the whorls. Only a portion of the shell is preserved on
the under side and this shows indistinct regular lines of growth. In general form and
character, and in the rate of enlargement this shell suggests Eccyliomphalus undulatus Hall
from the Stones River (late Middle Ordovician) of the central United States. It is
however a much larger shell than any member of that species with which I am
acquainted.
TV I. Grabau — Ordovician Fossils from North China (l) 25
HOIUZON AND LOCALITIES; In the upper beds of the Machiakou or Actinoceras
limestone, at Tangshan in the Kaiping Coal Basin, Chihli province, T. C. Wang coll
Also in the same formation at Huo-Luh, (Hwo-Luh) Chihli, Miss Clarke, coll.
Family PLEUROTOMARIID^E d'Orbigny
Genus LOPHOSPIRA Whitfield
Lophospira morrisi Grabau (sp. nov.)
Plate III Figs. 1, 2a, b.
Shell of medium size for the genus. Spire consisting of about five angular whorls
which embrace to within a very short distance of the peripheral carina. Apical angle 57
- 58 degrees. Whorls with flat or very gently concave shoulder, pronounced peripheral
carina, obtuse shoulder angle, and faint lower carina. In well-preserved specimens, the
shoulder angle is marked by a sharply rounded carnia with a narrow peripheral band on
the outer edge of the shoulder, delimited by the peripheral carina and a fainter spiral
above it. Lines of growth fine and sharp, beginning at the suture, where the shoulder is
sometimes thickened as by a faint subsutural carina. From this point the lines of growth
brnd backwards, at first very gently, then, as they approach the band, move abruptly,
crossing the band with a distinct semilunar curve. In this respect the growth-lines and
band are very similar to those of Liospira barbouri from the same horizon. They evidently
indicate a father pronounced supra-marginal notch, a feature mot usual in the genus
Lophospira where the notch is generally at the peripheral carina.
The lower carina is faint and scarcely affects the contour of the body of the whorl;
it may indeed be absent altogether.
Aperture sub-rhomboidal, the inner lip slightly reflected and covering the
umbilicus.
Length of a perfect specimen (Plate III fig. 1), 17.5 mm., greatest diameter of
body whorl, 12.5 mm.
This species is very similar to Lophospira medialia Ulrich and Scofield, from the
Trenton limestones of New York and the central United States, the chief difference being
the pronounced marginal band on the shoulder of the Chinese species, and its somewhat
sharper peripheral carina. In other respects the two species are closely allied, and some-
what worn specimens of the Chinese species might readily be taken for the American
form.
(0 26 Palseontologia Sinica Ser. B
HORIZON AND LOCALITY: A nearly perfect specimen was obtained by Messrs.
Morris, Barbour and Terrill in the upper quarry beds of the Machiakou or Actinoceras
limestone at Tangshan in the Kaiping coal basin eastern Chihli province. This specimen
was associated in the same slab with Salpwcjostoma terrilli and Actinoceras tani. Another
specimen, obtained by Mr. Geo. B. Barbour, from the same locality and horizon, is
associated with Lophospira pulchelliformis and Pagodispira denuiduii. These specimens are
deposited in the Museum of the Survey. The specific name is given in honor of Frederick
K. Morris, Professor of Geology in Peiyang University Tientsin, in recognition of his
active interest in the stratigraphic and structural problems of this country.
Lophospira pulchelliformis Grabau (sp. nov.)
Plate III Figs. 3, 4.
Spire elevated, the apical angle about 60°, whorls embracing only to the lower
carina which is strong and occupies the middle of the body of the whorl.
Shoulder flat or very gently concave, the shoulder angle about 90°, and marked
by a rounded, well defined, peripheral band which occupies the apex of the angle, and
is defined by an impressed line on either side. Lower part of whorl divided into two parts
by the strong body carina which is rounded and nearly equal in strength to the shoulder
angle. This carina is partly shown just above the suture in the earlier whorls. That part
of the whorl between the shoulder angle and the lower carina is concave, while that below
the carina is gently concave near the carina but becomes gently convex towards the
umbilicus, which is narrow. Lines of growth deflected backwards on the periphery, where
they indicate a notch of moderate depth.
This species is the Chinese analogue of the North American L. pulchella Ulrich
and Scofield, which is found in the Black River horizon of the central States. The apical
angle of our species is somewhat larger, being 60° as against 50° to 56° in the American
form. The lower carina in our species is also somewhat lower down on the whorl than in
the American form. Nevertheless the two are very much alike.
l
HORIZON AND LOCALITIES: In the upper part of the Actinoceras or Machiakou
limestone at Tangshan, several specimens, collected by Survey expedition ; also one from
the same section collected by Geo. B. Barbour.
Vol I. Grabau — Ordovician Fossils from North China (i) 27
Lophospira trochiformis Grabau (sp. nov.)
Plate ill Figs. 5a, 5b.
Shell with trochiform spire, the whorls embracing to the peripheral angulation.
Shoulder concave, the periphery formed by a round band delimited by linear depressions
above and below. Body of whorl without carina, concave below the peripheral band but
convex for tho greater portion; xmibilicus small. Apical angle about 75°. shoulder angle
100°,
This species resembles L. morrisi, but is more strongly embracing, so as to
entirely cover the preceding whorl. There is, further, no indication of an accessory carina
on the body of tho whorl.
HORIZON AND LOCALITY: In the upper part of the Actinoceras or Machiakou
limestone at Tangshan.
Lophospira acuta Grabau (sp. nov.)
Plate III Figs. 6.
Shell small, high-spired, apical angle about 57 degrees, whorls embracing to lower
carina, which is pronounced and sharp. Shoulder concave, characterized by revolving
spirals, and forming an acute angle with the body of the whorl. Shoulder angle sharp.
There are indications of rather sharply pronounced growth-lines which cancellate the
spirals. Umbilicus minute.
This species differs from L. pulcheUiformis, in the more acute shoulder angle, and
in the sharp peripheral and lower carina. The apical angle is also somewhat smaller in
L. acuta than in L. pulchelliformis.
This species resembles in form, acuteness of whorl, and sharpness of carinse the
American L. acuminata (Ulrich and Scofield) from the Upper Ordovician (Richmond) of
the central United States, and like that form, appears to have strong growth lamella-.
Our species is however characterized by a minute umbilicus, which is absent in the
American species.
HORIZON AND LOCALITY : This species was collected by the Survey party in the
upper Actinoceras limestone (Machiakou limestone) near Chaokouchuang, province of
Cliihli (Kaiping coal basin). Its age is early Upper Ordovician. Cat. Mus. Geol. Survey
Nos 47 and 48.
(i) 28 PaLrontologia Sinica Ser. A
^
Lophospira gerardi Grabau (sp. nov.)
Plate III, Fig. 7.
Shell of less than medium size, with an apical angle of Go to 70 degrees. Whorls
embracing to a point about midway between the two carinse, exposing the lower portion
of the whorl for an amount equal to about half the shoulder width. Shoulder flat to very
gently concave, with a well-marked peripheral carina, bordered above and below by a
distinct spiral line. The upper of these spiral lines is separated from the median carina
by a distance about twice that between the carina and the lower bordering spiral, produ-
cing the appearance of a peripheral band on the margin of the shoulder. Shoulder angle
about 95°. Lower carination generally well marked, its distance from the periphery
being somewhat less than the width of the shoulder. The space between the two
carinations is gently concave or nearly flat, while below the lower carina, the whorl
slopes rather abruptly to the umbilical region. Aperture subquadrate; umbilicus not
observed.
Lophospira gerardi has many of the characters of L. perangulata Hall, from the
Stones River and Lowville-Black River groups, of the central United States, New York,
and Canada, the chief differences being the greater apical angle of our species. In the
American form the final whorl is also often laxly coiled, and the peripheral carina is
trilineate.
HORIZON AND LOCALITY : This species and its variety were found by the Survey
expedition in the Machiakou or Actinoceras limestone of the Chaokouchuang region in
the Kaiping coal basin. The specific name is given in honor of M. Jaques Gerard,
geologist and engineer of the Chaokouchuang mines of the Kailan Mining Admin-
istration.
Lophospira gerardi
variety laxa Grabau (var. nov.)
Plate III, Fig. 8.
This is a gerontic mutation of L. gerardi. The early whorls are slightly more
embracing than in the normal form, making a greater apical angle (nearly 80 degrees),
but the later whorls become slightly separated, producing a lax-coiling adult. This
results in a pronounced sutural channel, bounded without by the sharp upper angle of the
Vol I. Grabau — Ordovician Fossils from North China (i) 29
shoulder. The shoulder itself at the same time becomes more pronouncedly concave,
and the peripheral carina becomes more prominent. \ The trispiralled character of the
peripheral carina is still maintained, with the median spiral thickest, but the lower spiral
becomes more distant, so that the space between it and the median one is slightly wider
than that between the median and upper spirals. The space between the peripheral and
lower carime has also become more pronouncedly concave. Umbilicus not observed.
HORIZON AND LOCALITY: Occurs with the preceding.
Lophospira terrassa Grabau (sp. nov.)
Plate II I, Fig. 9.
Shell of medium size, and somewhat robust aspect; apical angle about G2 degrees.
Earliest whorls not preserved. Neanic whorls with a shoulder angle of about 95° which
in the adult becomes between 100 and 110°. Whorls moderately embracing, leaving the
body exposed to a height equalling about half the shoulder width, or somewhat less.
Shoulder moderately convave, with a broad and rather ill-defined upper (subsutural)
carina and a well-defined sutural shelf or terrace, which -is flat or may slope slightly
inwards. Shoulder angle marked by a rounded carina bounded by impressed lines. Body
of whorl, below shoulder-angle, gently convex, without lower carina. Lines of growth
sharp and crowded, bending at first gently backwards on the shoulder, and then crossing
the periphery with a pronounced backward curve. After crossing the periphery, they
bend forward, and then more abruptly downwards. They thus indicate a pronounced
peripheral notch. Axis with a minute median hollow, as seen in the broken apex.
Diameter of final whorl 15 mm.
This species differs from L. gerardi in the absence of the lower carina, and in the
terrassiform sutural shelf. From L. morrisi it differs in the presence of this shelf, and the
lesser amount of embracing. It is closely related to Lophospira ampla Ulrich of the
Lorraine and Richmond (Upper Ordovician) of the central United States, but that species
has a less developed subsutural shelf, and the whorls embrace somewhat more, giving the
shell a slightly greater apical angle. The two species are however very similar.
HORIZON AND LOCALITY: In the Machiakou limestone of Tangshan, Chihli.
Survey collection.
(i) 30 Palxontologia Sinica Ser. B
Lophospira obscura Grabau (sp. nov.)
Plate III Fig. 10
Shell turretecl, consisting of about 5 whorls which expand rapidly and are
angulated by a pronounced shoulder angle and a less marked lower carina. Apical angle
about 60 degrees. Shoulder flat, bounded below by a heavy carina and embracing to the
lower carina of the preceding whorl. Exposed part of the body of the preceding whorl
somewhat less than the width of the shoulder. Shoulder angle about 115 degrees,
characterized by a rather strong rounded carina or keel. Lower carina moderately strong,
the surface of the whorl between it and the shoulder angle being flat or slightly concave.
Below the lower carina the whorl is rounded. Umbilicus apparently closed. Surface
characters not ascertained.
In its general form and character this species resembles L. bicincta of the Stones
River and Trenton groups of the central United States, but it is without the marked
carina near the upper end of the shoulder. That is however faint in some cases in the
American species. It differs from L. gerardi in the greater shoulder angle, smaller apical
angle and less degree of embracing.
The mold of the interior of our species presents rounded outlines owing to the
thickening of the shell on the interior.
HORIZON AND LOCALITY: In the Actinoceras beds of the Machiakou limestone at
Tangshan. Collected by Survey expedition.
Genus PAGODISPIRA Grabau (gen. nov.)
Shell with comparatively small apical angle and subrectangular whorls, giving the
shell a pagodiform aspect. Whorls without slit, but bearing a peripheral carina like that
of Lophospira. One or more additional carinre may be present. Aperture subquadran-
gular to trapezoid, generally with a fa.int anterior emargination. Umbilicus generally
covered by the reflexed inner lip.
This genus is closely related to Lophospira from which it differs primarily in the
much drawn-out form of the spire, and the resultant small apical angle. It may indeed
be regarded as a more primitive branch of the Lophospira series in which the whorls
embrace only to a very small degree, or better as a lateral branch from the ancestral
stock, in which the embracing of the whorls remains in the primitive state. This is
suggested by the fact, that in other gastropod series the more specialized members show a
larger amount of embracing, while further, members of a degenerating series, show a-
Vol /. Grabau — Ordovician Fossils from North China (i) 31
tendency towards a decreasing amount of embracing in the adult, which in certain cases
i.s followed by a loosening or laxness of the coil.
Genotype: Pagodispira derwiduii Grabau, Ordovician.
Of foreign species referable to this genus, we may mention Pagodispira bowdeni
(Safford) from the Upper Ordovician of North America. So far as known the genus is
confiiK-d to the Ordovician.
Pagodispira derwiduii Grabau (sp. nov.)
Plate III Fig. 11.
Shell slender, with the apical angle varying from 28 to 32 degrees; whorls 8 to
10 (at least 9 in the holotype) angular, and divided near the center of the exposed part
by a sharp peripheral carination which consists of a median strong rounded spiral, closely
Hanked by a fainter and much weaker spiral on each side. Shoulder gently concave,
apparently smooth, though there is a suggestion of faint spiral lines. Shoulder angle
varying from about 95 degrees in the young, or in more retarded individuals, to about
1 1 -2 degrees in the adult. Exposed portion of whorl below the shoulder angle of the same
width as the shoulder, and like that gently concave. A lower carina, situated just below
the suture of the whorls is present at least in the adult portion, where it is of moderate
strength on the body-whorl. Umbilicus covered by reflexed inner lip. Length of
holotype about 35 mm. (the apex is imperfect), diameter of last whorl 14 mm.
This species differs from the American P. bowdeni (Safford) (f^ophospira bowdeni
Ulrich and Scofield) from the Lorraine and Richmond of the central United States, in
the sharper shoulder angle (that of P. bowdeni being from 122 to 125 degrees) and in the
more strongly concave shoulder, that of P. bowdeni becoming convex near the suture,
forming an obscure carina. The whorls of our species also embrace to a lesser degree
than is the case in P. bowdeni, where the part below the periphery is only about two
thirds as wide as the shoulder. Finally the Chinese species has a sharper peripheral
carina and a stronger lower carina, the latter in P. bowdeni being faint or absent. From
P. Dorothea Grabau, it differs in the sharper shoulder angle and peripheral carina and the
lesser degree of embracing.
Hum/ox AND LOCALITIES: In the Machiakou or Actinoceras limestone near
Chaokouchuang in the Kaiping coal basin, Chihli province. Collected by the Survey
expedition. Also in the same horizon at Tangshan, collected by George B. Barbour.
(i) 32 Palaeontologia Sinica Ser. B
The specific name is given in honor of M. Maurice Derwiduee, chief of the
Chaokouchuang mines, whose interest in, and recognition of the practical value of
geological and palseontological science, has contributed not a little to the distinguished
success of the great mining operations under his charge, and who gave us every facility
and aid in his power, in our investigation of the stratigraphy and palaeontology of the
Chaokouchuang region.
Pagodispira dorothea Grabau (sp. nov.)
Plate III Fig. 12
High spired, with apical angle of about 24 degrees ; consisting of about 8 angular
whorls. Shoulder flat or very gently concave, without change of slope at suture; shoulder
angle in the young whorls about 90 or 95 degrees, increasing in the adult to 117 degrees.
Exposed portion below peripheral carina, about two thirds as wide as the shoulder in the
adult, apparently more nearly equal to it in the young; flat, or appearing slightly concave
because of the strong peripheral carina, which is somewhat thickened. Lower carina
strong, situated at the suture, and exposed in the penultimate whorl, because of the slight
separation of the final whorl.
The species differs from P. derwiduii in the greater shoulder angle and more
pronounced embracing of the adult whorls, as well as in the laxity in growth of the final
whorl. From P. bowdeni it differs in the character of the shoulder and in the sharper
peripheral; and stronger lower carinse.
HORIZON AND LOCALITY: In the upper Machiakou or Actinoceras limestone of
Tangshan. The specific name is given in honor of Mrs. Dorothy Dickinson Barbour,
wife of Prof. George B. Barbour the discoverer of the holotype, and by whom it was
presented to the museum of the Survey.
Pagodispira dorothea var. laxa Grabau (var. nov.)
Plate III Fig. 13
This variety differs from the species in the laxness of coiling characteristic of the
whorls This is shown in the submature whorls by the fact that the lower carina shows
above the suture and in the last whorl by actual looseness of the whorl. The apical angle
is about 18 degrees. The lower carina is strong.
Vvl I. Grabau — Ordovician Fossils from North China (i) 33
The earlier whorls, some of which are shown on the same rock fragment, have
the normal character of the young of P. dorothea, which is also essentially like that of the
adult P. derwiduii.
HORIZON AND LOCALITY : This variety occurs in the upper beds of the Machiakou
or Actinoceras limestone of Chaokouchuang, where it was collected by the Survey party.
Genus LlOSPIRA Ulrich & Scofield
Liospira barbouri Grabau (sp. nov.)
Plate IIU, Figs. 14a, b., 15a-c.
Shell of medium size but somewhat higher spired than in the majority of species
of that genus. Height of spire somewhat variable, the apical angle ranging from 110° in
the lowest to 95° in the highest spired individual. Whorls subrhomboidal, with a gently
concave shoulder and a sharp shoulder angle which varies from GO0 in the more strongly
conical to 55° in the more depressed forms. Lower part of the whorl very gently convex
or almost flat; with a sharp angle at the rather large umbilicus.
Peripheral band on the outer margin of the shoulder fairly well defined by a low
but sharp carina or spiral, the succeeding whorl embracing to the outer edge of the
peripheral band, i. e. to the shoulder angle; so that the suture is not depressed. Lines of
growth nearly vertical or slightly oblique backwards in the upper half of the shoulder,
after which they are strongly deflected backward to the peripheral band which they cross
with a definite curve, producing a pronounced marginal notch (Plate III, Fig. 15c).
Aperture not fully preserved in the known specimens.
This species has the rather flat base and subtrochoidal form of a Euconia, but the
sharp shoulder augulation, the usual concavity of the shoulder, the large umbilicus with
angular margins, and the slightly defined band on the peripheral margin of the shoulder,
indicate its relationship to the genus Liospira. The character and position of the
peripheral band, and the deep notch are features also suggestive of Euconia.
I am not acquainted with any American or European species with which this
species is likely to be confounded. It lias many of the characters of L. vitruvia (Billings)
of the Middle and early Upper Ordovician (Stones River to Trenton) of Canada and the
United States, but the spire is higher and the apical angle therefore less, in our spirits
while the shoulder angle of our form is also sharper and the lower part of the whorl
flatter.
(i) 34 Palseontologia Sinica Ser. JJ
MEASUKEMENTS. The following are the measurements of the types:
Diameter of Diameter of
Height body-whorl umbilicus
1. (Fig 14), 12. 5 mm. 19. 5 mm. 5.5
2. (Fig 15), 11. 5mm. (approx.) 20. Omm. ± 6.
HORIZON AND LOCALITY: In the upper portion of the Actinoceras or Machiakou
limestone at Tangshan, province of Chihli. Collected by George B. Barbour, Professor of
Geology in Peking Christian University, in whose honor the shell is named. Also
Survey collection.
Family MURCHISONID^E Koken
Genus HORMOTOMA Sailer
Hormotoma doquieri Grabau (sp. nov.)
Plate 111 Figs. ICa-b
Shell small, high spired with 7 or more whorls (the apex is imperfect), which
embrace very slightly, leaving the larger part of the preceding whorls exposed. Apical
angle about 1G°. Shoulder Hat or gently convex. Shoulder angle obtuse, characterized
by a revolving band, which is bordered by a spiral on either side. Lower part of whorl
rounded, and broader than the shoulder. Lines of growth prominent, producing a
subdued surface ornamentation. Aperture not fully shown, but apparently with an
anterior notch.
This shell has the general character of Hormotoma gracilis Hall, from the Chazy
and Stones River, and the Trenton of North America, but the shoulder is Hatter in the
Chinese form and the lower exposed part of the whorl proportionately higher than in the
American species. The lines of growth are also more prominent in the Chinese form.
HORIZON AND LOCALITY: In the Liangchiashan limestone of the Shih-Mun-Chai
region, eastern Chihli province, collected by F. F. Mathieu. The specific name is
given in honor of M. Alexandre Doquier chief of mines of the Kailan Mining Ad-
ministration.
IV /. Grabau — Ordovician Fossils from North China (i) 35
•
Family BUCANID^E Ulrich & Scofield
Genus SALPINGOSTOMA Roemer
Salpingostoma terrilli Grabau (sp. nov.)
Plate II, Figs. lOa - c
Shell bellerophontoid with rather rapidly enlarging whorls, coiled in a single
plane ; the earlier whorls embraced by the later, so as to produce a rather small and deep
umbilicus. Outer contour of whorls rounded, except where this is interrupted by the
pronounced slit, the sides of which are slightly elevated. Apertural portion suddenly and
Haringly expanded into a broad bellerophontoid lip, which extends on all sides of the
whorl, and closes the slit in front. Surface markings not preserved.
The only specimen so far known is crushed on one side and on the front, but
shows all the essential characters of the genus. The slit is wider than is usually the case
in this genus and its borders arc somewhat thickened. How much of this is due to
silicih'cation cannot be stated.
Compared with other species of this genus, the whorls of this form expand more
rapidly and embrace more closely ; thus giving a much smaller and deeper umbilicus than
is usually found in this shell. The lip also appears to be broader and more extended than
in other species. This genus is well represented in the Stones River (Chazy), and Black
River formations of interior North America and in the Trenton of New York and Canada.
It also extends into the Richmond group of the highest American Ordovician. The
genus is further well represented in the Upper Ordovician of Esthonia (formations
Cl, C2andFl)
Our species is more nearly of the type of those found in the Echinosplnx-ntes
limestone (Cl) of Europe and those of the Trenton limestone of America, but is distinct
from all of these forms.
HORIZON AXU LOCALITY: Associated with Lophospira morrisi and Actinoceras tani
in the upper Machiakou or Actmoceras limestone of Tangshan, province of Chihli. At
pivscnt represented by only one specimen. Collected by Messrs. Morris, Terrill and
Barbour.
Holotype in the collection of the Chinese Geological Survey, Cat. No 32. Named
after Mr. Arthur C. Terrill, Professor of mining in Peiyang University, the discoverer of
the specimen,
(0 36 Palasontologia Sinica Ser. 3
•
Order Ctenobranchiata Schweigger
Family PYRAMIDELLID>E Gray
Genus FUSISPIRA Hall
Fusispira sp.
Plate III, Figs. 17, IS.
Among the material collected by M. Mathieu from the Peilintze limestone, are
two specimens of a gastropod, which, from the general form of the spire and the contour
of the whorls, is referable to the genus Fusispira. The apical angle is 11 or 12 degrees,
and the shell consists of about 10 whorls if not more, the apical portion of both
specimens being imperfect. The whorls are of somewhat greater diameter than their
length, uniformly rounded, and gradually enlarging. The amount of embracing is slight,
producing a loose-coiled shell, with a deep suture, which is very oblique, and forms an
angle of 51 to 57 degrees with the axis of the shell. Character of aperture and nature of
surface markings not ascertained.
This shell has the general form and proportions of Fusispira angusta Ulrich and
Scofield, from the Trenton of the central United States, but the apical angle of the
Chinese species is smaller by perhaps 5 degrees, the whorls shorter, and the suture
deeper.
HORIZON AND LOCALITY: In the Peilintze limestone of the Shih-Mun-Chai region,
associated with Ophileta squamosa. Collected by F. F. Mathic-u.
Class CEPHALOPODA
Order NAUTILOIDEA Zittel
Suborder Holochoanites Hyatt
Family ENDOCERATID^E Hyatt
Genus PROTEROCAMEROCERAS Ruedemann
Proterocameroceras mathieui Grabau (sp. nov.)
Plate IV, Figs. 1 - 3
Orthoceracones of unknown size, represented so far only by fragments, which
suggest that the shell had a length of a foot, and probably much more. Moreover the
fragments may represent only the earlier part of the conch.
V'ol I. Grabau — Ordovician Fossils from North China (i) 37
Shell oval in section, the largest fragment known having a derso-ventral diameter
of '2'-*> mm., while the transverse diameter is something over 30 mm. At the same point
the siphuncle has a diameter of 12 and 15 mm. respectively, thus being at this stage about
one half the size of the shell. The ventral side is distirctly flattened, this being shown
both in the shell and in the siphuncle, which lies in close juxtaposition to the flat ventral
side of the shell. The thickness of the shell-wall at this point is half a millimetre. The
camenu average 3 mm. apart at this stage, and their concavity, as nearly as can bo
a-i-ertained, is equal to about twice their distance apart at the center, or a little more.
Siphuncle distinctly flattened on the ventral side where it is in contact with the
shell, the flattened part in the apical portion of the largest specimen being 9 mm. It
tapers at the rate of about 1 mm. in 16. There is a well-defined and distinct wall, which
• •iirloses the siphuncle (endosipholining of Ruedemann). This siphuncular wall or inner
shell is obliquely annulated by the edges of the siphonal necks, which are slightly but
listinctly constricted just before reaching the next lower septum. The suture forms a
listinct ventral saddle on the flattened surface of the shell. The anterior empty portion
)f the siphuncle (the endosiphocylinder of Ruedemann, i. e. the inner living-chamber) is
•rukcn away to the edge of the last-formed endosiphosheath (inner conical septum). The
Irpth and apical angle of the endosiphocone, delimited by this last sheath, cannot be
pertained, but the former is at least 20 or 25 mm. which would make the latter about
25°. The interior of the siphuncle below this cone is filled by crystalline calcite which
ws a distinct radial structure as in belemnites. In its center or nearly so, lies the
-ul .triangular endosiphocoleon, flattened on the ventral side to correspond to the flat ventral
face of the siphuncle. Its ventral diameter at the lower end of the specimen is about
.'."> nun.
Another specimen (Plate IV fig 2a-c) shows an earlier portion of the shell,
apparently of a different individual. The shell is strongly oval, the maximum transverse
diameter being 18 mm. while the dorso-ventral diameter is only 11 mm., though the
shell appears to be somewhat crushed dorsally. The corresponding diameters of the
siphunclf are 8 and 7 mm. respectively.
The septa are a little over 1 mm. apart. The siphuncle is in close juxtaposition
to the flat surface of the shell, which is about G mm. wide. The sides of the siphuncle are
ol.li.juely annulated by the septal necks, which form an angle of 70° with the ventral
surface of the siphuncle, this being essentially the angle formed by them in the larger
specimen. The endosiphocoleon lies somewhat dorsad of the center. Rate of tapering of
siphuncle 1 mm. in 2G.
(0 38 Palxontologia Sinica Ser. B
On the exterior of the shell there appear to be broad very shallow and ill-defined
concentric constrictions, but these are observed only on the ventral side, the rest of the
shell not being visible.
Three fragments of the collection appear to represent parts of a single siphunclc
of this species (Plate IV fig 3a-c). This is long and slender, but its entire length is not
known, though the fragments preserved indicate a length of over 80 mm. At the smallc.-t
end preserved, the diameter is 6.5 mm., at the largest 9 mm. The rate of tapering is
about 1 mm. in 25. The youngest fragment is slightly flattened ventrally and shows
broad ill-defined undulations. It has a sub-central endosiph uncle, and the organic lime-
filling (stereoplasm) of the remainder is obscurely radiate. In the larger fragments, the
shell is circular in section, and appears entirely smooth, and is half a millimeter in thick-
ness, lacertain positions, however, very faint oblique lines are visible, suggesting septation.
Within it, is at least one well-defined thick- walled conical sheath, tapering at the rate of
1 mm. in 10. Around this the crystalline lime has a radiating structure. The interior of the
cone, formed by the sheath, is also filled with crystalline calcite, except at the larger end
(3b), where an open semilunar cavity exists, due to removal of softer filling. At the upper
end of the largest fragment this has a vertical diameter of l.G mm. and a basal width of
4.8 mm. On the other side of the fragment, which is 20 mm. long, this semilunar tube,
here still retaining its filling, has been reduced to about half these dimensions. The
structure of the interior filling of calcium carbonate is also radiate. The presence of three
other sheaths is indicated by concentric tubular interruptions of the crystalline (generally
radiate) lime-filling, but these were exceedingly thin walled, possibly membranous. *
Except for the very faintly indicated oblique ridges these siphuncular fragments
suggest the preseptate apical end of Proterocameroceras, and for such they were at first
taken. This is also suggested by the circular cross-section, but on the other hand, their
size agrees with that of the siphuncle of the species where still surrounded by the camene
(Plate IV fig 2).
HORIZON AND LOCALITY: This species occurs in the Lower Ordovician Peilintze
limestone of Pei-lin-tze, Shih-Mun-Chai region near Chingwangtao eastern Chihli. It is
associated with Chihlioceras, Arclncocijathus etc. Collected by F. F. Mathieu, in whose
honor the specific name is given.
* This supports Ruedemann's contrnlijn that endoshoaths aro present in Camerocerai (including Prvterocamero-
cerai}, below the final thick-walled sheath of the adult living-chamber. At least OEC of these in 1he present specimin, is thick-
walled and of well defined character.
Vnl I. Grabau — OrdoiHcian Fossils from North China (i) 39
Genus CAMEROCERAS Conrad (emend. Hyatt)
Cameroceras styliforme Grabau (sp. nov.)
Plate IV Figs. 46
A small slender siphuncle of Cameroceras occurs in the upper or Liangchiashan
beds but no portion of the shell remains in the specimens so far obtained.
A specimen (Plate IV fig. 4) measuring 30 mm. in length, and of suboval
tion, measures 3.5 mm. in transverse, and 2.5 mm. in dorso-vental diameter at the
lower end. The corresponding measurements at the upper end are 6.6 mm. and 4.8 mm.
respectively. The vental side is distinctly flattened. The siphuncle was evidently
enclosed by camera.*. Their distance apart near the upper end, as shown by tho
annulations, was 2.2 mm. and the angle which these annulations form with the ventral
lino of the siphuncle is about 68 degrees. Wall of siphuncle of moderate thickness;
interior filled with crystalline calcite, but showing in the center, at the smaller end of the
siphuncle, an empty endosiphocoleon of semi-lunar section, its flat base corresponding to
the fiat side of the siphuncle. The width of this side is 1.3 mm. while its dorso-ventral
diameter is 0.5 mm. (Plate IV fig. 4b). There are three other lumens irregularly placed
around the periphery, but equi-distant from the outer wall, indicating that they represent
part of an endosiphosheath. *
Another fragment (Plate IV, figs. 5a-c) representing a larger portion of the
iplmncle, measures 7.3 and 5.9 mm. respectively in lateral and dorso-ventral diameters,
rhe ventral side is not so much flattened, but is more broadly rounded than the dorsal,
he siphuncle at this point was not absolutely in contact with the shell, for the septal
e Iges form a distinct, broad, rounded saddle upon the ventral side. Septa 2.2 mm. apart.
Siphuncular wall (silicified) rather thick, the interior filled with crystalline calcite, except
for a central sheath of similar section as that of the wall of the siphuncle, and like that,
silicified. Its diameters, at the upper end are: lateral, 5 mm., dorso-ventral, 3 mm., the
limensions of the siphuncle at this end being 7.3 and 5.9 mm. respectively. At the other
•ml, 8 mm. distant, where the dimensions of the siphuncle are 6 and 5 mm. tho inner
tube measures 3 and 1.8 mm. respectively. Thus, while the lateral tapering of the
piphuncle is 1.64 mm. in 1 mm. and the dorso-ventral tapering 1.12 mm. in 1 mm., that
of the inner tube is 2.5 and 1.5 in 1, respectively.
A third specimen (Plate IV figs. 6a-c) represents a still larger portion of the
siphuncle of apparently the same species. Its length is 13 mm., while the diameters at
•
* Sec the foot-note on p. 35
(r) 40 Palssontologia SiniCa Ser. B
the larger end are 10 and 9 mm., and the corresponding measurements at the smaller end
8.2 and 8 mm. respectively. The corresponding measurements of the endosiphuncle are:
— upper end, 5.7 mm. and 4.7 mm., lower end, 2.5 mm. and 2 mm., respectively.
Although somewhat compressed, there is no flattening of the siphuncle and the septal
ends, which still adhere to the silicifield siphuncle, form only a very gentle obliquity with
its axis. This indicates that the siphuncle at this stage was no longer in contact with the
wall of the shell, but had been surrounded by the camera on all sides, including the
ventral. This is further shown by the fact that the ends of the septa still remaining, are
stronger on the ventral side (side of forward convergence) than elsewhere. The septa
average about 2 mm. apart.
In spite of the variations here shown, I am disposed to think that we are dealing
with one species only. This is however quite distinct from the species found in the lower
horizon (i. e. Proterocameroceras mathieui).
HORIZON AND LOCALITY: A number of fragments were obtained by Dr. F. F.
Mathieu from the upper or Liangchiashan limestone of Liang-Chia-Shan. near Ching-
wangtao, eastern Chihli. The age is late Lower or perhaps early Middle Ordovician.
Geol. Survey collection cat. nos. 103 to 107.
Genus SUECOCERAS Holm
Suecoceras yehliense Grabau (sp. nov.)
Plat IV, Figs. 7a, b.
Represented only by the apical portion of the endosiphuncle which shows the slight
but distinct inflation characteristic of the genus. The most perfectly preserved specimen
(Plate IV, fig. 7), has a length of about 40 mm. Its apex is pointed and its diameter
increases rapidly at first, then more slowly, until at a point about 20 mm. from the apex,
it has a diameter of 13.2 mm. Then it decreases slowly, its diameter at the upper end
of the specimen being 12.5 mm. A second specimen shows a maximum diameter of 11.3
mm. at a point about 20 mm. above the apex and then decreases to 10.5 mm. at a
distances of about 28 mm. from the apex.
Neither specimen has the surface well preserved, but on the larger one the oblique
septal lines are indicated in the apical portion. At first they are 1.5 mm. apart, this
distance increasing to nearly 2 mm. shortly after. The obliquity of the septal lines, with
reference to the axis of the shell, is 55 degrees.
IV I. Grabau — Ordovician Fossils from North China (i) 41
HORIZON AND LOCALITY: In the lower Yehli limestone of Lower Ordovician age,
at Yeh-li, northern rim of Kaiping coal basin. (Y. C. Sun coll.).
Suecoceras attenuatum Grabau (sp. nov.)
Plate IV, Figs. 8, 9.
Like the preceding, this is known only from the siphuncle, which clearly shows
it to be a more slender form, and one which never reaches the siphuncular diameter of
the preceding species.
The siphuncle (in fig. 8) gradually increases in diameter from the initial point,
reaching its maximum of 9 mm. at a point distant about 20 mm. from the apex. After
that it decreases again, until at the uppermost preserved end, it is 7.5 mm., this being
about 40 mm. from the apex. In another specimen, the greatest diameter is 9.3 mm. at
a point about 25 mm. from the apex, narrowing subsequently to 8.9 mm.
In one specimen, apparently of this species, the diameter of the siphuncle is 9.8
mm. at the upper end, this being the aperture of the endosiphocone or uppermost One of
the conical fillings (endosiphosheaths) of the siphuncle (see Plate IV fig. 9). The
position of the endosiphosheaths in the siphuncle seems to be oblique, their axis not
•
coinciding with the median line of the siphuncle as a whole.
HORIZON AND LOCALITY : In the lower beds of the Yehli limestone near Yeh-li
northern border of the Kaiping coal field, Chihli. (Y. C. Sun coll. ).
Genus VAGINOCERAS Hyatt
Vaginoceras tsinanense Grabau (sp. nov.)
Plate IV, Figs. lOa, b.
Represented at present only by the siphuncle, which however has certain very
definite characters from which some of the other characters of the shell can be deduced.
The form of the siphuncle is sub-cylindrical, increasing from 9.6 mm. at the
lower preserved end, to 10.8 mm. at the upper, the distance being 40 mm. This gives a
rate of tapering of 1 mm. in a length of 33 1/3 mm.
(i) 42 Palieontologia Sinica Ser. B
The siphuncle is filled solidly with the endosiphosheaths but these have been
converted into crystalline lime. The upper portion of the specimen however shows
the endosiphocone or funnel-like prolongation of the living-chamber into the siphuncle,
bounded by the last endosiphosheath. This part of the specimen is partly tilled with the
lime matrix in which the shell is embedded. Endosiphuncle unknown.
The sides of the siphuncle are distinctly marked by the necks of the septa, and
these show that the later ones extend beyond the upper edge of the preceding one, thus
showing that the shell belongs to the genus Vaginoceras. The direction of the septal lines
is strongly oblique, forming an angle of about 50° with the axis of the siphuncle and
meeting on the ventral side in an angle of about 70°. This indicates that the siphuncle
is subventran in position. The septa average about 3.3 mm. apart.
The subcylindrical character of this siphuncle is its most marked feature, and this
together with the obliquity of the septal lines, and their relative closeness, serve to
differentiate this species from others found in the Ordovician beds of China.* In the
characters noted, our species is not unlike the early stages of Vayinoceras oppletum
Ruedemann, from the Chazy beds of the Lake Champlain region of the eastern United
States, but there is no indication that the Chinese species ever reached the size of the
adult American form.
HORIZON AND LOCALITY : In the upper quarry beds of the Machiakou limestone,
associated with Actinoceras, Lophospim etc., Cement quarry Tangshan. Survey
expedition coll. »
Family PILOCERATIDyE Hyatt
Genus PiLOCERAS Salter
Piloceras platyventrum Grabau (sp. nov.)
Plate IV, Figs. 11 a-c, 12i-c. Text figures 1 a-e.
Siphuncle with broadly snbconical apex with endosiphuncular scar or slightly
protruding endosiph uncle; enlarging rapidly until at a point 15 mm. from the apex (in
one specimen fig 11), it has reached a diameter of 24 mm., after which it enlarges more
gradually at the rate of about 15 mm. in 10 of length, while later on it appears to be
subcylindrical. The apical portion of the siphuncle (for about 35 mm. in the only
specimen showing this part) appears smooth, this part ending in a faint broad but
* Several species occur in the Ordovician rocks of south China. These will be described in a future number of
this publication.
Vol I.
Grabau — Ordovician Fossils from North China
(i) 43
unmistakable constriction, after which the expanding shell of the siphuncle becomes
annulated. This suggests that the apical portion of the siphuncle was not enclosed by
camera'. The annulations (shown well in specimen fig. 12) are oblique, forming on the
side an angle of about 60° with the axis of the siphuncle. They become fainter on the
ventral side, meeting in a broadly rounded forward curve or saddle. About five of these
annulations occur in the space of 20 mm.
In transverse section, the siphuncle appears slightly broader than high, the
ventral surface being somewhat flattened.
Interior of siphuncle with endosyphosheaths and crystalline lime-filling between
them. Two or possibly more of these older endosheaths are indicated. The endocone
formed by the final (last-formed) sheath of the most mature individual seen (fig. 12c), is
•of subcircular section in the upper part, with the ventral surface slightly flattened. In the
lower part, or at least in the earlier sheaths, this ventral surface becomes strongly flattened
and the greater part of the endocone lies dorsad of the center (fig. lie). It is continued
posteriory in the dorso-ventrally compressed endosiphuncle. The thickness of the last
endosheath (the wall of the endocone) is about equal to that of the wall of the siphuncle.
In the specimen shown in fig. 11, the dorso- ventral diameter is 31 mm., the
corresponding diameter of the endocone is 11.5 mm., the space between it and the
ventral surface being 11.5 mm., while that between its dorsal surface and the correspond-
ing surface of the siphuncle is 8 mm. This point is about 13 mm. from the apex of the
endocone.
A series of sections of another specimen shows the following relationship. (Text
figs. la-e).
a b
Figs 1 a-e. Succesive cross sections of the siphuncle of Piloeerat plalyventrum ( For distances apart, and measure-
ments see table p. 44); la, largest section preserved; le, last section before end of endocone. Natural size.
(i) 44
Palseontologia Sinica
Scr B.
Distances
Section
Distances between
Dorso-ventral
diameters
between
ventral
Lateral diameters
No.
Sections
surfaces
of
of
of siphuncle .
of
of
Siphuncle
Endocone
& endocone
Siphuncle
Endocone
a
i
27.5 mm.
15.3 mm.
8.5 mm.
32. mm.
21.5 mm.
t 15 mm.
b
\
26.8 ,,
10.5 „
9.3 „
30. „
13.2 „
2 mm.
c
26.6 „
9.5 „
10. ,,
29.5 „
12.3 „
| 6 mm.
d
)
26. „
6. . „
11. H
28.5 ,,
8. „
: !• 2 mm.
e
i
25.5 ,,
5.5 „
11.3 „
28. „
7. „
| 6 mm.
f
23.7 „
~~
"™
26. „
In the specimen from which these sections are taken, the annulations of the
shell of the siphuncle are finer/there being 5 in the space of 10 mm. This specimen is
recorded as from the lower horizon, the Peilintze limestone, whereas the others occur in
the upper or Liangchiashan limestone of the Shih-Mun-Chai district. The specimen in
question may represent a distinct species.
HORIZONS AND LOCALITY: Two specimens of this species were obtained by Dr. F.
F. Mathieu from the Liangchiashan limestone at Liang-Chia-Shan, Shih-Mun-Chai near
Chingwangtao, eastern Chihli province. Another specimen with finer annulations and
siphuncle less flattened ventrally, was obtained from the Chihlioceras or Peilintze limestone
of the same region (this may possibly be a case of mislabelling). The former horizon is
the upper part of the Lower Ordovician.
Family CHIHLIOCERATID^E Grabau (fam. nov.)
Genus CHIHLIOCERAS Grabau (gen. nov.)
Text Figures 2-16
Breviconic orthoceracones with large and stout siphuncle, which is surrounded by
a definite wall or siphuncular shell; with rounded apical end, the center of which is
marked by a mammillary elevation with a circular scar, representing the beginning of the
endosiphuncle. Siphuncle filled with endosheaths and organically deposited mineral
matter as in Piloceras. Endosheaths flattened ventrally, at least in the adult. In the final
one, this flat face is produced anteriorly in the form of a blade-like prolongation, which is
Vol /.
Grabau — Ordovician Fossils from North China
(i) 45
Fig. 2.
Fig. 3.
either flat or slightly arched inwards with depressed sides. In its general form and
character the final endosheath suggests the conotheca of the Belemnite which is
prolonged forward into the delicate blade-like
proostracum, or the similar blade of the o-
dern'cuttle-fish. This blade-like prolongation
slopes ventrad until it apparently joins the
wall of the siph uncle on the ventral side. On
the dorsal side, the blade may have been
covered by the shell of the siphuncle, but of
this there is no positive evidence. Indeed
the sections negative it, although it is of
course conceivable that the shell was broken
away before burial.
The endocone is triple in character.
In the genotype the main part has a sub-
quadrangular to sub-crescentric cross-section,
but appears to taper into a more or less flat-
tened conical alveolus towards the apex. On
Fig. 2. Cnihlioceras nathani. Dorsal view of a mo-
the ventral Side, Where the Wall of the endo- del of the siphuncle of this species with the compound
-, . , ,, i i j ,1 • endocone in place. Two thirds natural size.
cone is prolonged into the blade, the inner Fig 3 chihlioceras na^n(. Side view of the same.
surface is gently convex i. e. arched upward (The annulations of the surface are not represented.)
(dorsally) with the sides sharply depres-
sed (see text fig. 7). The upper surface of
this cavity is flat or nearly so, except for
the median portion, which is prolonged
dorsally into a broad notch or emargina-
tion, on either side of which lie the
dorso-lateral alveoli. The outer wall of
these is rounded, but the inner wall con-
sists of two limbs, approximately at right
angles to each other, one, the dorso-
ventral limb, separating it from the
median prolongation of the main cavity,
Fig. 4. Ot&Uoeenu nathnni. Dorsal view of a model of, ,. ,. ,,..,.
the final endosheath, whirl, forms the compound endocone of thc other being horizontal and dividing
the siphuncle of this species. TWO thirds natural size. t}ie lateral and main alveolar cavities (see
Fig. 5. Chililioceras mdhnni. Side view of the model of
the endocone shown in fig. 4. Two thirds natural size. text figs. 4 and 7). The position of this
Fig. 4.
Fig. 5.
(i) 46
Palseontologia Sinica
Ser. B
final endosheath is nearer the dorsal than the ventral side of the siphuncle (text fig. 6)
as is shown by the two parallel sections (text figs. 8 and 9), taken essentially parallel
x
t
i
e..
si
Fig. 6. Chihliof.eras nathani. Restored longitudinal section, constructed from actual measurements along
section a-b and c- d, and the exposed worn surface of the ventral side (lower dotted line), and with the aid of other
specimens, x - y line of section shown in fig. 7. Two thirds natural size. en-final sheath, or endoconic lining; gft-shcll-
wall of siphuncle (ectosiphuncle). s<-stereoplasinic filling of siphuncle; sj'-endosiphotube ; rfc-section of rock matrix.
y/m
:-.-ens
Fig. 8.
Fig. 9.
Fig. 7. Chihlioceran nathani. Transverse section along line x - y of fig. 6; 2/3 natural size, e - f. line of
section of fig. 10; g - h. line of section of fig. 11 ; i - j. line of section of fig. 12; k - 1. line of section of fig. 13; en-parts of
endoconic lining or final sheath; Za-lateral alveolus; Wia-median alveolus; sft-shell of siphuncle (ectosiphuncle); sZ-stere-
op'asmic filling.
Fig. 8. Chihlioceras nathani. Somewhat restored section along line a-b. fig. 6. (For actual appearance of
section see Plate II, fig. 11.) -2/3 natural size. The spction is cut oblique'y to the axis of the lateral alveoli (see text
fig. 2), and cuts the lateral walls (wl) as well as the lower walls (wm} of the lateral alveoli; ens-older endosheaths buried
in the filling of stereoplasm st. (Other notations as in figs. 6 and 7.) 2/3 natural size.
Fig. 9. Chihlioceras nat-hani. Corresponding restored section along the line c - d in fig. 6. This section is
here reversed, so that the parts have the same orientation as in fig. 8. Notation as in fig. 8. 2/3 natural size (See Plate
IT, fig. 12).
to the ventral surface of the siphuncle, as indicated by the lines a-b and c-d in text fig. 6,
which is drawn to scale, and is two thirds natural size. The sections (text figs. 8 and
9) show that the walls of the alveolar cavities are infolded portions of the. sheath, which,
when considered separately i. e. as if freed from the enclosing organic lime - deposit,
represents the aspect shown by the model, illustrated in text figs. 4 and 5. The walls,
Vol I.
Grabau — Ordovician Fossils from North China
(i) 47
which separate the lateral from the main alveolar cavities, are thue double, with the
addition of the crystalline, organically deposited lime (stereoplasm) between the two
layers. This is diagrammatically represented in text figures 7 and 10, which represent
respectively transverse and longitudinal sections through these walls, (for location see
text fig. 7), and can be recognized from an inspection of figs. 8
and 9, which represent the actual oblique sections through both
walls.
That an endosiphuncle extends from the base of the main
alveolus to the apex of the siphuncle in suggested by the occur-
rence of the apical endosiphuncular scar seen on all the specimens,
and is further suggested by the appearance of what seems to be a
Fig. 10. Chihlioceras
part of this tube in the natural section shown in fig. 13, PL IV, i. nathani. Diagrammatic longi-
e. the specimen from sections of which the reconstruction of the tndinai section along line «-/.
in fig. 7, parallel to axis of
sheath is mainly developed. lateral alveoli. (Notation as
in fie. 7.).
A consideration of the structure of the final endosheath
in the second species (C. chingwangtaoense (Plate II, figs. 13a, b. ) shows very striking
differences, but nevertheless a unity of plan. The main or median alveolar cavity has
been much reduced, being subtriangular in outline, and only occupying the central
third of the endosheath. The cavity too is short, though
probably prolonged in the endosiphuncle. The dorso-lateral
alveolar cavities are deep, and lenticular in section, the inner
side being gently concave instead of rectangular. The parti-
tions between the cavities are very thick, formed by the
bent-over endosheath, with a thick filling of crystalline lime
between. The crystalline filling (probably aragonite) has a
radial structure where seen in section of the entire siphuncle.
The outer wall of the dorso-lateral alveolar cavities was appar-
Fi 11 chihiiocerwi nathani ently formed by the wall of the siphuncle. The sections (text
Diagrammatic longitudinal section figs. 14, 15 and 16) show this Structure. The length of the
through the broadest part of the
median alveolus, along the line g-h. two lateral alveoli may be 'quite different on opposite sides as
in fig. 7. (Notation as in fig. 7.) ghown jn the specimen figured (plate IT) fig- 13a).
In none of the specimens so far obtained has a camerate portion been preserved.
All the specimens are aunulated, the annulatiorjs being essentially of the type seen on the
siphuncle of Piloceras. This suggests a camerate structure but does not prove it. The
annuli appear to be slightly oblique, converging forward on the ventral side. This
suggests, that if camera were present they were mainly developed on the dorsal and lateral
(i) 48
Palasontologia Sinica
Ser. B
surfaces of the siphuncle, as would naturally be the case in a structure which, as these
evidently did, rested upon the ventral surface. No specimen is however known with a
complete ventral surface, and the convergence is only shown by a slight obliquity upon
the sides.
As indicative of the position of the specimens, it may be
noted that in one slab of rock, both sides of which were weath-
ered, and in which four specimens of C. nathani were found,
three, on the- same side of the slab, exposed the dorsal side
(Plate y. ) (this was apparently the upper surface of the slab
though sufficient care was not taken at the time of collecting to
determine this) while the fourth, on the opposite side of the
stratum (apparently the under side), exposed the weathered
ventral surface (Plate IV fig. 13). This slab was cut apart,
essentially parallel to the bedding plane, and the two cut
surfaces show the sections of the dorsal portion of the lower
specimen, these being shown in Plate II, figs. 11 and 12. The
position of the longitudinal axis of the lower specimen was
however approximately at right angles to that of the upper
specimens.
Fig. 12. chihlioceras no- The remarkable character of the siphuncle warrants the
thani. Diagrammatic longitud- . .
inai section in the median plane Pacing of this genus into a distinct family, that, of the
along the line i-j. in fig. 7. CHIHLTOCERATID.E. The characters of this new family may be
(Notation as in fig. 7. )
summarized as follows:
Relatively short and stout holochoanitic othoceracones (and cyrtoceracones?)
with large siphuncle, generally divided by ehdosheaths, and filled with organically
deposited calcium carbonate. Final endosheath prolonged into a ventral blade, and
characterized by median and lateral endocones. Camera) unknown, but if present,
apparently as in Piloceras. Ordovician.
Chihlioceras nathani Grabau (sp. nov.)
Plate I fig. 10; Plate II, figs. 11, 12; Plate IV, fig. 13; Plate V; Text figures 2-13.
Siphuncle beginning with a regular rounded end, characterized by a subcentral
mammillon with a large central scar, which marks the beginning of the endosiphuncle.
The expansion is rapid so that in the space of about l(i mm. from the apex (in the
Vol I.
Grabau — Ordorician Fossils from North China
(i) 49
central specimen shown in Plate V) it has reached a diameter of 30 mm. From this
point the expansion is regular, until at about the point near the apex of the median
(Midoeone, about 40 mm. farther (or 56 mm. from the apex of the siphuncle) the lateral
diameter is 40 mm. This gives a rate of tapering of 1 mm. in 4. The earlier portion is
regularly rounded, while the part occupied by the endocone is
somewhat flattened on the ventral side. The endocone occupies
something more than one half the length of the shell, inclusive of
the anterior blade. The apical portion in the center is rounded
dorsally and flat or gently concave on the ventral side, its section
thus being semi-circular or compressed suboval, with the ventral
side curved to a greater radius. Proceeding forward, the concave
central portion narrows and flattens, while the sides of the blade
become strongly and sharply depressed, until near the anterior
portion of the blade they form less than a right angle with the
side. The aperture of the endocone, i. e. the edge formed by its
meeting with the shell of the siphuncle, is oblique to the axis of
the siphuncle, the most projecting portion being the center of the
blade (see the restoration, text figs. 2 and 3). Lateral alveoli of
the endocone shorter than the main cavity. In the specimen
shown in the center of Plate V the alveoli are not seen, but in
Fig. 13. Chihlioceras
the somewhat crushed right hand specimen of that group, they between median plane and
. ,-, /T« AN lateral man-in , along line
are recognizable (Plate I fig. 10), being displaced somewhat to k.t in ag< 7. pagging
one side. The inner walls of these lateral alveoli form approxi- through lateral part of me-
dian, and one lateral alveo-
mately a right angle, and consist of the reduplication of the ius( Notation as in fig. 7.)
endosheath with crystalline calcium carbonate filling between.
The outer wall of the lateral alveoli is convex and between it and the wall of the
siphuncle, there is a thick layer of crystalline lime (organic deposit) which decreases
wedge-like towards the rim of the endocone. (Text figure 10).
These lateral alveoli of the endocone hold a position above the base of the main
emloconic cavity, so that there are distinct lateral chambers proceeding from this main
median chamber, and in position ventral to the lateral alveoli. This is clearly shown by
the sections (Plate II figs. 1 1 and 12) and is represented in the model of the endosheath
illustrated in text fig. 4. The endosheath itself (i. e. the wall of the endocone) has a
thickness of half a millimeter or less, but because of the filling of crystalline lime between
tins reduplicated portions, which form the lateral and median alveoli, the thickness of
the compound wall separating these alveoli may be from 2.5 to 6 mm. (See the sections
of these walls in figs. 1 1 and 12 Plate II).
(i) 50 Palueontologia Sinica Ser. B
The older portion of the siphuncle is filled solidly with crystalline calcium
carbonate, this occupying the entire space between the wall of the endocone (final
endosheath), and probably its endo-siphuncular prolongation, and the wall or shell of the
siphuncle. There are however indications of one or more earlier endosheaths (See sections
figs. 11 and 12 Plate II, and Plate V middle figure): The difference in the character of
the outer zone of the solid portion of the siphuncle from that forming the inner portion,
observable both in the worn specimen (Plate V, middle figure) and in the sections (Plate
II figs. 11 and 12) suggest that at first the siphuncle was filled with closely set
endosheaths (which in the large specimen of the group on Plate V formed a thickness of
about 7 mm.), and then crystalline calcium carbonate (aragonite?) was deposited by the
animal, without further formation of definite endosheaths, until the final one was formed
by the adult animal. The appearance of these older endosheaths suggests their similarity
to those of Piloceras, or to a primitive form from which both Chihlioceras and Piloceras
were derived.*
The wall or shell of the siphuncle is thin but continuous. It is annulated, though
indistinctly so, near the apical portion, while forward, the annulations become pronounced
and regular. The annuli present a long gently convex forward slope and a shorter more
abrupt, but still convex apical slope. There are 10 of these annuli in the space of 35 mm.,
giving them an average width of 3.5 mm. There is however a gradual increase in the
width, the posterior ones being less than 3 mm. wide. The depressions between the
annuli are very shallow. While this is the character in the earlier portion of the
siphuncle, continuing for varying lengths in different specimens, it gradually changes in
the later -formed portion, where the annuli become narrowly rounded, with broad gently
concave interspaces. In the specimen shown in fig. 13 PL IV, this type of annulation
begins about 30 mm. from the apex, and there are 10. annuli in the space of 38 mm.,
these also increasing slightly in width forward.
The annuli are oblique, bending forward on the ventral side. The angle which
they form with the axis of the siphuncle on the side of the siphuncle, was found in one
case to be about 30 degrees, but less than that in another specimen. . Their ventral aspect
is unknown.
Camera? not known, none of the specimens showing any indications of them
other than the annulations of the siphuncle. Though this annulation is suggestive of a
camerate nature of the shell, it is not a positive indication, as camerate shells with
* In the locality from which these specimens were obtained, they are restricted to the lower division, while
Piloceras occurs in the higher division, with one doubtful representation in the lower.
1'dl I. Grabau — Ordovician Fossils from North China (0 51
obliquely annulated outer wall are found in higher Ordovician beds of this region. The
general similarity of the annulations to those of the siphuncle of Piloceras may indicate,
however, a similar camerated shell.
HORIZON AND LOCALITY: This species has been found in the Peilintze limestone
associated with Arcltvocyathus, Ophileta squamosa etc., in the Shih-Mun-Chai region near
Cbingwangtao, Lingyiihsien district, Chihli province. Several specimens were collected
by Dr. F. F. Mathicu of the Kailan Mining Administration. The horixon is Lower
Ordovician. The specific name is given in honor of Mr. W. S. Nathan, president of the
Kailan Mining Administration, in appreciation of his keen interest in the development of
Chinese geology, and his recognition of the important place which stratigraphic and
palseontologic problems hold in the practical development of mining interests.
Chihlioceras chingwangtaoense Grabau (sp. nov.)
Plate II, Figs. 13a b. Text figures 14-10.
Siphuncle longer and more cylindrical than in the preceding species, tapering at
On- rate of 1 mm. in 6; section subcircular. Interior filled with crystalline calcium
carbonate, which has an indistinct radial structure. This occupies the space between the
shell or wall of the siphuncle on the one hand, and the wall of the compound endocone
(final endosheath) on the other. There are no indications of older sheaths, though these
may occur in the apical portion which is unknown. Endosiphuncle apparently central,
but the indications are faint. Wall of the endocone prolonged forward in a flat blade
which slopes forward, forming an angle of 12 degrees with the dorsal surface of the
siphuncle (See text fig. 14). If the rate of tapering is uniform, the length of the anterior
•
blade would approximate 110 mm.
The blade is flat, except for a slight median longitudinal depression, most
marked in the alveolar portion. The lateral margins of the blade form a sharp angle with
the sides of the siphuncle, and the wall or shell of the latter was evidently continued over
at least the posterior part of the blade. Posteriorly the blade ends in the median
alveolus, the base of which occupies one third of the width of the siphuncle. .Its height
is slightly less than the basal width, and its form is subtriangular but with curved sides.
Its position is approximately in the center of the siphuncle or slightly above it. Its depth
lias not been ascertained, as some of the matrix which filled it, has not been removed.
The partition between it and the lateral alveoli is thick, being from 7 to 8 mm. at the
(i) 52
PalfEontologia Sinica
Ser. B
rounded forward end, and increasing in thickness apicad. (See section, text figures 15 and
16). It consists of the thin endoconic walls (reduplications of the endosheath) and the
filling of crystalline calcium carbonate between these.
Fig. 14. Chihlioceras chingwangtaocwe. Diagrammatic longitudinal section along the median dorso-ventral
plane of a restored individual; m-n. -section line of fig. 15; o-p. -section line of fig. 16; »h. -shell (ectosiphuncular wall;; st.
stereoplasmic filling; s/.-endosiphotube; en. -endoconic lining or terminal endosheath; (fa. -dorsal alveolus; ma. -median
alveolus.
The lateral alveoli are lenticular in section, only the inner, gently concave wall
being formed by a part of the endosheath, while the outer is formed by the wall of the
siphuncle, and in the type specimen, as preserved, is broken away. In this specimen the
size and form of the two lateral" alveoli differ from each other,
that on the right * being much larger. The line of junction
between it and the siphuncular wall (shell) is a direct con-
tinuation of the plane of the anterior endoconic blade. The
sides of this alveolus converge regularly. The left lateral
alveolus is more irregular. At first there is a strong conver-
gence of the sides, after which they continue more nearly
Fig. 15. chihiioceras ching- Uel posteriorly the two alveoli join into a single broad
wfingtaoense. Diagrammatic cross-
section along line m-n. in fig. 14; median cavity, the floor of which is formed by the two lateral
q-r. -median dorso-ventral plane
(line of section of fig. 14); «-«.-iine alveolar floors meeting m a low angle, to the left of the
of section of fig. 16; *a.-iaterai median line in tne type specimen. (See fig. 13a Plate II).
.alveoli; other notations as in fig.
14. The length of this posterior confluent cavity can be estimated
from the slopes of the lateral alveoli, this being indicated in the restored longitudinal
section (text figure 14).
The inner shell or siphuncular wall, is about 0.3 mm. in thickness and strongly
and regularly annulated upon the sides, these annulations forming an angle of approxi-
mately 82° with the dorsal surface, or 70° with the plane of the anterior endoconic blade.
* The shell is oriented with the apex to the observer, the aperture or anterior end pointing away, and
the ventral side, (i.e. flattened side of endocone), downwards. The right and left sides then correspond to the observer's
right and left hand. In the figures on Plate II the position is reversed, so as to show the structure more clearly; therefore
the references must also be reversed from those here given.
Vol I.
Qrabau, — Ordovician Fossils Jrom North China
(0 53
This indicates that on the ventral surface they formed a broad, low, forward arching
curve or saddle, though the actual condition has not been observed. The annulations are
l>roudly and regularly rounded and separated by concavities of equal form and width.
There are six annulations in the space of 18 mm. giving an
average width, between the centers of adjoining concavities, of
3 mm. Camera? unknown, but their existence is apparently
indicated by the annulations of the siphuncle.
Measurements : Diameter at aperture of alveoli 35 mm. ;
at point of confluence of lateral alveoli 28 mm. Width of
median alveolus at base 13.5 mm.; height of same 10
mm.
HORIZON AND LOCALITY: A single specimen of this Fij? 1G ChMiwm, ,.,„•„,,_
Species (PI. II figs. 13 a-b) Was Obtained by Dr. F. F. Mathieu wangtaoeme. Diagrammatic sect-
ion along line o-j>. in fig. H
from the weathered, iron-stained Peilintze limestone at Peilintze, anti ijne s.t. ;„ &%. 15
associated with the preceding species and with Archseocyathus tlonsas mfi»8- H aud 1"')-
etc. The horizon is Lower Ordovician.
PHYLOGENETIC SIGNIFICANCE OF THE SIPHUNCLE
OF THE HOLOCHOANITES.
It has long been known that in certain members of the suborder Holochoanites
tin' early part of the siphuncle, so-called, is entirely devoid of surrounding camene. The
genus Proterocameroceras shows perhaps the most extensive pre-camerate development of
this part of the shell. This has been fully described by Whiteaves and especially by
Ruedemann, who in discussing the siphuncle of Pmterocameroceras brainerdi from the Fort
Cassin or upper Beekmantown (Lower Ordovician) of Lake Champlain (U. S. A.) speaks
of the apical portion as " projecting beyond the chambered shell for a distant of about 75
mm., gradually expanding from the blunt apical end, which here has a diameter of about
3 mm., to 11.5 mm. at the beginning of the phragmocone, where it contracts to 10 mm.
and then gradually expands again".*
* K. Ruedemann - Cephalopoda of the Beekmantown and ("hazy formations of the Champlain Region. New-
York State Museum, Bulletin 90 p. 407, 1906. Sue also R. Ruedemann, Structure of some primitive Cephalopoda.
Annual Report State PaUeontologist N. Y. 1903, N. Y. State Museum Bull. 60 p. 296. I regret that I have not had
available, until after this paper was in type, this most searching study of the structure of the primitive fephalopc da l>y
this eminent palfeontologist, and that my reference could, therefore, not be as extensive as was desirable.
(i) 54 Palssontologia Sinica Scr. B
In Cameroceras on the other hand the nepionic bulb or swollen end of the
siphuncle, is largely or wholly surrounded by camera?, and this is also the case in
Kndoceras, and generally in Vaginoceras except in such forms as Vaginoceras belemnitiforme
Holm. These two genera differ from Cameroceras and Proterocameroceras in the absence
of the siphuncular wall or shell, (the endosipholining of authors).
Another genus in which this preseptal cone or nepionic bulb exists before the
camerate portion begins, is Nanno Clarke, also of Middle and early Upper Ordovician
(Chazy and Black River) age. In this genus the siphuncle is strongly contracted at the
beginning of the camerate portion, after which it remains in contact with the outer shell
of the camerate portion, on the ventral side.
The presence of the siphonal wall or shell (endosipholining) in the more
primitive genera is of marked significance. This wall is known to occur in Proteroca-
meroceras, Cameroceras, Nanno, Piloceras and Chihlioceras, and perhaps in others. Where
the shell begins with a non-camerate apical portion, i. e. with only the siphuncle, this
siphuncular wall is the outer shell of the cephalopod hard structure. In other words the
young cephalopod began shell-building with the "siphuncle" which consisted of the
siphuncular shell-wall and the filling within it.
When we consider the length of this preseptal portion in Prolerocameroceras (15
mm. in P. brainerdi) it is evident, that the filling of the interior by endosheaths and
solid lime matter (stereoplasm), must have been carried on pari passu with the building
of this shell, after the formation of a short initial hollow conical tube. For not only would
such a long hollow tube be an element of extreme weakness, and therefore not likely to
be preserved, but also, it is difficult to conceive that the cephalopod grew into such a long
rod-like body, before it began the building of cameras, and that this body soon there-
after began to shrink into the slender thread which occupied the endosiphuncle. But if
the endosheaths and solid calcareous matter were formed progressively as the tube grew
in length, then it appears that these endosiphonal structures are more primitive shell-
features than the camera. In other words, for a considerable period of its early history
the cephalopod built only a slender shell, which it progressively filled with calcareous
matter, marked at certain periods by resting stages, when the conical endosheaths were
built. If that is the case, the endosheaths have the same significance, in these primitive
^helle, as the septa have in a shell of Orthoceras, and must be considered the homologues
of these septa, whereupon the endosiphuncle becomes the homologue of the siphuucle of
Orthoceras, and the shell of the "siphuncle " of the young Proterocameroceras the homo-
logue of the shell of Orthoceras. That the endosheaths, or septa of the primitive Proteroca-
meroceras are deeply conical, while those of Orthoceras are saucer-shaped, is only a detail
Vol I. Grabau — Ordovician Fossils from North China (i) 55
of structure, which cannot effect the general question of homology. Again the filling
with solid lime in the primitive shell of Proterocameroccras (and of the socalled siphuncle
of the majority of the Holochoanites), while the outer septal spaces of Ortfioceras are
generally empty, is another detail, not relevant to the general question of homology.
Indeed there is sometimes the beginning of such an organic deposit about the siphuncle
of Orthoceras, while in Stereoplasmoceras and in Actinoceras this is the rule. In these
genera too, a secondary septum terminates the deposit of organic lime, this supplementary
septum or pseudoseptum being comparable to the sheaths of the "siphuncle" of the
Holochoanites (see Plates VI - IX, and discussion on a subsequent page of this memoir).
Moreover such deposits are also found in certain Endoceratid* such as Vaginoceras
oppletum * where both crystalline lime and " pseudosepta " are formed. This, according
to our interpretation, is a new feature, developed in the outer camera, and homceo-
morphic with, rather than homologous to the filling of the camera) of Stereoplasmoceras
and Actinoceras. It apparently represents a repetition of a structure which had its
inception in the formation of the inner shell or "siphuncle " of the Holochoanites, and
may perhaps indicate phylogerontism in the group.
We may here consider briefly the subject of lime deposition by the mollusks, and
its bearing upon the problem before us. On the basis of some experiments, and the
consideration of others by Murray and Irvine, Steinmann (1889) concluded that the
precipitation of calcium carbonate by organisms was a purely chemical process, and was
due to the formation of ammonia and carbon dioxide through the processes of decay
which are constantly going on in the organism. These substances will precipitate calcium
carbonate from the sea water where it is present in the form of calcium sulphate (Ca SO 4 )
and chloride (Ca Cl2). Because of the relatively small amount of lime salts which the
animal takes into its body, Steinmann assumed that a part of the lime was directly
derived from the surrounding medium. Such precipitation could of course take place
only on the edge of the shell if the mantle were free, and its shell-building surface in
contact with the sea water. It has however been shown that this is not the case, at least
• not in those forms, chiefly fresh-water mollusks, which have so far been studied, for there
the- periostracum or outer horny covering, bends over the edge of the shell and joins the
mantle-border by which it is indeed secreted. Thus lime deposition at the growing edge
of the shell goes on entirely under cover of organic structures, and unless it can be shown
that by some process of osmosis the sea water finds its way into the spaces between the
mantle and the shell, direct precipitation of lime salts seems impossible. Physiologists
* Ruedemann, loc. cit. 1906 p. 415, fig. 4.
(i) 56 PaliKontologia Sinica Ser B.
generally appear to stand on the ground that all the lime of the mollusk shell is furnished
by the animal, being derived from the food-supply (see especially Stempell 1900, and
Biedermann 1901), but it must be recognized that their generalizations are based on the
investigation of only a limited number of types. That marine mollusks derive all their
lime from the food, seems highly questionable when we consider the vast amount of lime
deposited by some of these organisms, especially sedentary types such as oysters,
hippurites etc. The conclusion seems unavoidable, that in some way the animal
appropriates lime from the sea water direct, or that in some manner the sea water gains
access to the region where lime is deposited. If this is the case, we must allow that the
calcium is precipitated as carbonate by the C02 produced by the animal itself, together
with some other product to satisfy the S04 ion. For the sea water does not contain a
sufficient quantity of COs ions ready to combine with the Ca ions and there is an excess
of S04 ions which must be taken care of. Steinmann's hypothesis of the formation of
ammonium carbonate, through normal decay of tissues, satisfies these requirements. The
whole matter is a problem for the physiological chemist, and its solution must be
left to him.
One thing, however, seems certain, namely that in different organisms there is a
vast difference in the ability to deposit lime. Moreover in sedentary forms, lime
deposition is far more active than in free moving types, being least in planktonic types.
One need recall only the giant Tridacna shells of the Great Barrier reef, or the Hippurites
of the Cretaceous. Furthermore, other classes of organisms, normally thin-shelled, have
sedentary members in which the shell is enormously and grotesquely distorted by exces-
sive lime deposition. Such is Richthofenia among the brachiopods, an organism originally
classed as a coral because of its remarkable form. Again, types such as the oyster, which
are thin-shelled when very young (prodissoconch stage), become heavy-shelled by
abundant lime deposition after attachment, while the related Peden, which leads a free-
swimming existence, only builds a relatively thin shell. Any one who has seen the
ponderous oyster shells of the Tertiary, sometimes several inches thick, must agree that
lime deposition here has passed beyond the normal stage required for the protection of
the individual.
Of course it may be argued that the nature and abundance of lime-secreting cells,
and their relative activity serves to determine the habitat of the organism. That, in
other words, types with a tendency towards excessive lime formation will assume a
sedentary life, and so give rise to genera and species normally of sedentary habit. In
this connection it is noteworthy that many mollusks will build excessively heavy shells in
old age, and from this it might be argued that types which in normal adulthood deposit
Nol I. Grabau—Ordovician Fossils from North China (i) 57
much lime, belong to phylogerontic series. Why senile individuals and senile races (if
such they are) should have their lime-secreting mantle cells over-stimulated so that they
deposit an excess of lime, is not quite clear. Nor is it easy to understand why they
should absorb more lime salts from the sea or from the food (if that is the sole source of
the lime salts, which is very doubtful) in old age than in their younger stages, especially
as there is often no corresponding increase in size of the shell-building mantle. If on the
other hand, deposition of lime is more or less a purely chemical process, as Steinmann
holds, and that its rate and amount of formation depends upon the rate of production of
reagents which precipitate the salts, either from the normal secretion of the animal, or
from sea water, which in some way (by osmosis?) has gained access to the regions of
deposition, then we can understand that with increasing old age, or increasing senescence
of the race, increased decay of organic cells brings with it the increased production of
ammonium carbonate, with the result that lime deposition also becomes augmented.
The fact that lime is not deposited upon the periostracum, which both Stempell
and Biedermann cite as ample refutation of Steinmann 's theory, can in reality not be
regarded as such, for the completed priostracum, though of conchyolin, has essentially
the character of an inorganic body, and does not produce the necessary reagents.
I am not advocating the direct precipitation theory of Steinmann, but it appears
to me that the pure secretion theory, which refers lime deposition in molluscan shells
solely to the epithelial cells of the mantle, or to special lime-secreting glands, meets with
great difficulties when it is invoked for the explanation of excessive lime deposits,
especially if all the lime salts are regarded as derived from the food of the animal and
none from the sea water direct.
If in a cephalopod shell, the processes which make for lime deposition are most
active at the growing edge of the mantle, the shell is rapidly elongated, while, by the rest
of the mantle surface, only a thin nacreous shell-layer is formed. If the growth at the
mantle edge is so rapid that the length of the shell eventually exceeds the stretching
power of the animal, a periodic forward movement of the whole animal in the shell takes
place, whereupon the continued separation of lime over the now free basal portion of the
mantle-enclosed body, results in the formation of a septum. If the lime-separating
processes are uniform all over the mantle surface of a cephalopod, (as they are in oysters
among pelecypods), the basal part of a tubular or conical shell, such as an orthoceracone,
will be filled solidly by successive layers of lime. These may have the form of consecutive
endosheaths, or of crystalline lime with definite layers marking resting stages at inter-
vals, i. e. of successive distant endosheaths with crystalline lime-filling or stereoplasm
(i) 58 Palscontologia Sinica Scr. B
between. Thus viewed, the filling of the shell, whether with air-chamber-enclosing
septa, with successive close-set endosheaths, or with solid lime, punctuated at intervals
by endosheaths, is a matter of the relativity in the intensity of the lime-depositing
ability, between the edge of the mantle and the entire surface.
Viewed in this light, the structure of the Holochoanites appears to be the natural
result of a sedentary life-habit, or perhaps the tendency towards rapid lime deposition all
over the mantle-surface, forced the animal to assume a benthonic mode of life, which
eventually must have been sedentary to all intents and purposes. That the Holochoani-
tes, or the majority of them, led such a life on the bottom of the sea, is abundantly
attested by their structure (especially the ventral flattening), and by their general mode
of occurrence in the rocks (vide position of Chihlioceras as discussed on p. 48).
The building of camerte in the Holochoanites must on this view be regarded as a
newly acquired character, these structures being analogous to, but not homologous with,
the camene of the Orthochoanites (Orthoceras etc). They must represent an expansion and
reflexion of the mantle-edge, resulting in the addition of a new shell outside of the shell
proper (the so-called siphuncular shell or wall, or the endosipholining), and we thus have
the original shell enclosed by a secondary one, analogous to, but of course not strictly
homologous with, the so-called shell of the Argonauta, the guard of belemnites, and the
"apical cap" of Orthoceras truncatum. These new shells would thus form sub-annular
structures of triangular, and later, more or less rhombic sections, like an automobile tire
or a life preserver compressed into a triangular or rhombic section ; but in most cases not
extending entirely around the original shell, because this rested upon the bottom. The
first of these veritable life-preservers, which probably aided the animal in keeping its oral
end from sinking into the mud of the sea-bottom, formed the new shell by its outer or
exposed side, and its first !< camera ", by its upper and inner side, which latter lay next
to the original (inner) shell, and formed the so-called siphonal funnel of the camera?.
This interpretation meets with the difficulty of conceiving the modus operandi of
the building of such an outer, closed air chamber around the shell. Especially would it
seem hard to explain the manner of building of the inner wall of this chamber, i. e. the
so-called siphonal funnel of the camera?, that part next to the inner shell or endosipholin-
ing. This difficulty may perhaps be obviated by assuming that the animal built at first a
sub-annular or semi-lunar trough around the margin of the shell, by a compound reflexed
portion of the mantle-edge as shown in the following sketches (Figs. 17 and 18). Such a
structure is entirely analogues to the lateral alveoli of the final endosheath of Chihlioceras.
(Plate II, figs. 13 a, b., also text-figs. 4, 5, 7, 10, 13 pp. 45-49). The second outer
trough, built in this manner, would then ciose the preceding one and convert it into an
I.
Grabau — Ordovician Fossils from North China
(i) 59
air-chamber, first by effecting the elongation of the outer part, that which forms the new
shell built by the mantle edge, and then, by the subsequent withdrawal, for a space, of
the base of the reflexed part of the mantle, effecting the building of the basal layer of
lime, which is the so-called septum of the camerate portion of the Holochoanites.
Fig. 17. Hypothetical restoration of a primitive liolochoanitic cephalopod, represented as resting with its
ventral or hyponomic side upon the sea-floor, and with the shell sectioned. The stage here represented is at the
beginning or the building of the cameno, previous to which it consisted only of the precamerate portion of the
"siphuncle". This is here represented in section with several conical endosheaths, the spaces between which are filled
with solid stereoplasm, except the median tube or " endosipho-tube", which ends in the embryonic bnlb, this being
however non-calcareous and not preserved. The animal rests upon the final endosheath of the stage which surrounds the
fntliM-one of this period. The hypothesis of camera-building by a reflexed fold of the mantle, analogous to the dorsal fold
of the mantle in Ncuttihu, is here illustrated, the beginning of the first camera on the dorsal side being shown.
ANIMAL: a, mantle; 6, marginal reflexed fold of the same, which is assumed to be functional in camera building; e,
shell-muscle; <l, hood; e, sipho, occupying the "endosipho-tube";/, embryonic bulb, non calcareous (when calcifield it
forms the protoconch); g, hyponome; h, tentacles or arms; i, eye (left side). SHELL: j, shell of early stage i. e. of
preseptal part of "siphuncle", (ectosiphuncle of Ruedemann) ; j' , continuation of same into camerate state at the
contraction of the "siphuncle", forming the " endosipholining " of authors; k, last-formed endosheath at this stage,
enclosing the " endocone " which is continued in the "endosipho-tube " ; II -IS, earlier sheaths (septa of primitive shell) ;
ml - i»4, " si phonal " chambers (camera of primitive shell) filled solidly with stereoplasm; n, new shell or shell of
camerate portion; o, shell-lining of first camera, deposited next to the continuation of the "old shell" («'. e. the
continuation of shell of "siphuncle", the to-called endosipholining) and forming on the hypothesis here suggested the
"siphonal funnel" or "neck" of the first " septum " which has not yet been built-.
^
I am perfectly well aware that this interpretation meets with a grave objection
because of the fact that in Endoceras, Vaginoceras etc., the septal portion of the camera?
is continued downwards in the siphonal neck, not upwards as such a mode of construction
would require. But it must be remembered that in these forms, the septal necks take the
place of the inner shell or the endosipholining, which is absent in these genera.
Whitfield has recorded the observation, that the septal necks of Vaginoceras are continu-
ous with the sheaths of the siphuncle though Ruedemann holds that this needs
verification. If it is correct, then the septa merely mark the rapid outward expansion of
the mantle above the edge of the endosheath (which is really the upper edge of the
siphonal neck) there being no further need for a reflex of the mantle on the suppression
of the inner shell.
That such a reflexing of the mantle has occurred in some of these ancient
cephalopods, is shown by the structure of Orthoceras truncatum Barrande, from the
Ordovician and Silurian rocks of Bohemia and England. In this form the earlier camera)
(i)
Palirontolofjia Sinica
Ser. B
are frequently dropped off or destroyed, whether l>y accident or design, remains
undetermined. The truncated end of the shell is then covered over by a new deposit of
calcareous material of distinctive form and design. This " apical cap " or calotte conique,
is evidently formed by the animal, and for its formation a reflexed shell-secreting portion
of the body is necessary. Barrande supposed that the animal possessed long palmate
brachial appendages more or less analogous to those of Argonauta. These were capable of
Fig. 18. Diagram to illustrate the dorsal portior/of the early camerate part of the shell of a holochoanitic
nantiloid cephalopoJ. (See fig. 17). ./', " old " shell or shell of " siphuncle ". /, j', continuation of same into camerate
portion forming the rndosipkolining; 14, endosheath which at the stage represented by fig. 17 was the last one formed
enclosing the endocone, (k. fig. 17); 15, /(>, 17, endosheaths since formed, 17 representing tl.e last-formed one at this stage,
and enclosing the endocone of this stage; »i4 to ml, intersheath spaces rilled with stereoplasm; n, and o, as in fig 17; p, </,
inner shell-lining of camera?, forming the septal necks'or funnels; rl, r2, septa of camerate portion; (o. forms septal neck
of rl ; ;j, of r2; </, of r3 which has not yet been formed; ; si, s2, s3, first second and third camera? the last still open in
front, and forming with the endocone t, a part of the Hring chamber.
reaching the basal portion of the shell, and having the power of secreting lirne, they
repaired the broken apex, reproducing the characters of the shell. Hyatt, on the other
hand, considered that this outer shell-secreting organ was homologous with the fold of the
mantle in Nautilus "This" he says, "is an active shell-secreting organ, which was
certainly present, and also functionally active, in the Ammonites and Nautiloids, and
probably more important in these ancient forms than it is now in the modern Nautibi-*.
This is also more consistent with the structure of the Belemnoid, which, as is easily seen
in the famous example of the preserved animal, had no such pair of enlarged arms and
yet deposited exteriorly, a solid covering, the guard, which is in our opinion the
homologue of the solid filling of the truncated end of Orthoccrcis. " *
A similar organically deposited layer of lime covers the initial end of Vaginocerm
belem,nitiforme Holm, before the commencement of the outer camera?.
It has been frequently noted, that when the outer camera1 begin building, the
diameter of the inner shell or " siphuncle " is more or less abruptly contracted. This is
found in Cameroceras in Nanno and in Vaginoceras belemnitiforme. This can be accounted
for by the abrupt elongation of the animal's body necessary at this stage, if the animal
* Proceedings. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci. 1883 vol XXXII, p. 323.
Vol I. Grabau—Ordovician Fossilg from North China (i) 61
forms a reflex fold of a part of its mantle, that which builds the initial outer "collar ",
which eventually becomes the first outer camera.
Whether this suggestion regarding the mode of building of this outer series of
canienu will be shown by future discoveries to be correct or not, I believe that the very
existence of the initial precamerate stage of the "siphuncle " with its own shell-wall and
with conical, septa-like sheaths, prolonged into an endo-siphuncle, indicates that it is a
primitive shell-type which was complete in itself, and that the development of outer
camene at a later stage adds a new feature to the shell as a whole. The continuance of
the " siphuncular wall" or the shell of this primitive non-camerate organism, into the
camerate portion in primitive' forms, further emphasizes the independence of this inner
structure. The homology of this inner shell with the shell of Orthoceras, and of the
sheaths with the septa of Ortkoceras, would therefore seem to admit of little doubt.
Moreover, as we have learned to take ontogeny as an infallible guide to phylogeny, if
rightly applied, we are forced to conclude that the most primitive Holochoanites were
without the outer camerate portion, thus representing in their adult stages, the condition
seen in the young of Proterocameroceras, Nanno and others of this type of structure. That
the existence of such has not been absolutely determined, signifies little, for our know-
ledge of the earliest ccphalopod faunas is still very meager. As noted in the description of
Cliildioceras, it is possible that that genus was non-camerate, the annulations being mere-
ly surface "ornamentations" such as are found in the shells of many later cephalopods.
Certainly there is no indication whatever in these shells, of the presence of camera?, such
as in found in other annulated "siphuncles " in our rocks, where portions of the "septal
necks" still adhere to the shell of the "siphuncle", though there is no other trace of
the camera-. Furthermore the remarkable form of Chihlioceras, its oblique aperture, and
the long anterior ventral blade, are hardly consistent with the idea of the former
presence of camera.'. Possibly the same holds true of the rapidly expanding "siphuncles"
of Piloceras platyventrum Grabau, of our rocks (Plate IV figs. 11 and 12), for although
some specimens are annulated, these annulations show no trace of adhesion of "septal
necks", while the apical portion shown in Plate IV fig. 11 is entirely without such
annulations. It seems at least likely that this species too began with a non-camerat*-
portion, and if camene were added, this took place only in the later stages, when the
"siphuncle " had become cylindrical.
If we now enquire into the genetic rels tionships between the Holochoanites and
the Orthochoanites, it would seem to be evident, that they can only represent divergent
branches from a common ancestral stock. I have elsewhere suggested * that this
• Bull. G«ol. Soc. America Vol. XXX, ]>p. US, H9, 101 U.
(i) 62 Palseontologia Sinica Ser B.
ancestral stock is represented by the sub-order, Protochoanites Grabau and Shimer,
to which we have referred the only known Cambrian cephalopod Volborthella. This
genus has been defined as a small orthoceracone with conical-shaped septa, pierced
by a simple hole in the apex, though the presence of such a siphuncular hole has
been questioned. Whether or not it occurs is of secondary importance as it appears
that in some of the Holochoanites the " endo-siphuncle ' is not present in the
earliest part. But whether the known Cambrian protochoanite is the direct ancestor
of both Orthccems and the Holochoanites is of little moment. Certain it seems that shells
so distinctive must represent divergent evolutional lines, one the orthochoanite branch
becoming successful by the assumption of the chambered type of shell, the other, the
holochoanite type disappearing with the close of the Ordovician, because its heavily
weighted shell made active migration impossible in spite of the secondarily adopted
device of outer cameree. The extinction of the various genera of this group is in general
coincident with great changes in physical geography, notably the extensive withdrawal
of the seas at the end of the Palfeo-Ordovician, and again at the end of Neo-Ordovician
time, when practically the last members of the group perished. Nor is it an unwarranted
assumption that the excessive development of the sedentary habit may have affected the
reproductive powers of these animals in one way or another, so that extinction may be in
part due to this cause.
We would then interpret the phylogeny of the early cephalopods in the following
manner:
(to Trias.)
Holochoanites
(Ordovician)
Protochoanites
Orthochoanites
(Ordovician)
(Cambrian).
The Cyrtochoanites, represented in our rocks by IStereoplasmoceras, Actinoceras.
Cyrtactinoceras, and Gonioceras, may have been derived from primitive OrthocJioanites, or
they may represent an independent line of evolution from the ancestral stock. The
discovery of the genus Stereoplasmoccras, with characters intermediate between Orthoceras
and Actinoceras, makes the former view the more likely one.
We may here briefly refer to the remarkable early Ordovician cephalopod
Diphragmoceras Hyatt. This has the "siphuncler" divided by tabular alternating with
the septa of the camerate outer shell. Both the cameras and the chambers of the
siphuncle are empty. This genus has sometimes been referred to as representing a
transition from the Holochoanites (Endoceran type) to the Orthochoanitcs (Orthoceran
Vol I. Grabau — Ordovician Fossils from North China (i) 63
type), but it is difficult to see how it can be so regarded. It represents really an
Emloceran type in which the sheaths have assumed the form of tabulae separated by
interspaces, and as such rather supports the explanation of the relationship between the
endoshoaths of Holochoanites and the septa of Orthochoanites given above. Thus it is a
case of parallel development to Orthoceras, or the assumption, by the inner or true shell in
a holochoanitic type, of the orthoceran character. Unless we assume that the outer shell is
suppressed in the development of the Orthoceran type, we cannot regard this form as in
any way showing ancestral characters. Moreover, if such were the origin of Orthoceras,
the close genetic relation of the endosheaths of the one to the septa of the other type,
would be demonstrated.
Suborder Orthochoanites Hyatt
Family CYCLOCERATID^E Hyatt
Genus CYCLOCERAS McCoy
Cycloceras (?) peitoutzense Grabau (sp. nov.)
Plate VI, figs. 1-4
A number of fragments of an annulated orthoceracone have been obtained from
the upper beds of the Actinoceras limestone a short distance west of Chaokouchuang.
Although the}7 belong to different individuals and show considerable variation in size,
they are nevertheless regarded as representing a single species. As this is the only
annulated orthoceracone known from north China, it will be described despite the
imperfect character of the material.
The smallest shell fragment (PI. VI, fig. 1) is about 30 mm. long, the diameter
ranging from 5.3 mm. at the lower (partly concealed) end, to 7.2 mm. at the upper end.
Eight annulations are shown in a distance which is 23 mm. from the center of the first to
the center of the eighth annulation. The annulations appear to be straight, encircling
the shell without deflection, rounded, but separated by broad, strongly concave interspa-
ces which gradually increase in • length with the growth of the shell. Very faint
longitudinal lines are visible upon the early portion of this fragment, but the greater part
seems destitute of them. Siphuncle somewhat excentric, its diameter at the upper end of
the fragment being 1.25 mm. Sutures and septa not visible.
A second fragment (Plate VI, fig. 2) shows 7 annulations the distance between
the centers of the first and seventh being 20 mm. The diameter of' the shell at the
upper end is 12.2 mm.
(i) 64 Palseontdlogia Sinica Ser. B
This fragment too shows no longitudinal lines, but in some of the interspaces
occur very faint indications of concentric lines. The specimen appears to represent the%
filling of the living chamber, as a longitudinal section shows a total absence of septa.
A still larger specimen, which is a partly crushed and incompletely exposed shell,
has a diameter of about 13.5 mm. and is characterized by abrupt annulations, the centers
of which range from 4.5 to 4.8 mm. apart. The annulations themselves have a thickness
of about 1 mm. ; the summit is rounded, and the interspaces are very nearly flat in some
parts, though they show a concavity in others. No longitudinal sculpture is shown, but
there is again a faint indication of fine concentric lines in the interspaces.
Only a few septa are indicated, their position corresponding apparently to the
annulations. Their concavity is about equal to half the distance between the annulations.
Siphuncle slightly excentric, large, its diameter being about 2.5 mm. where the diameter
of the shell is about 13.5 mm.
Another specimen of this type (Plate VI, fig. 3) has the annulations slightly
oblique, but sharply elevated, compressed and separated by deep flat interspaces. The
distance between five annulations (including 4 interspaces) is 24 mm. the width of the
annulations being a little over 1 mm. at the base but only about half that at the top.
The diameter of this fragment is approximately 14 mm. and it appears to be slightly
curved.
A still larger fragment apparently a part of the same individual as the preceding
(Plate VI, fig. 3) shows annulatione 8.5 mm. apart, their thickness being nearly 2 mm.
at the base, and their height about the same. This specimen shows fine sharp concentric
stripe somewhat narrower than the interspaces between them, covering the entire shell,
including the annulations (Plate VI, fig. 4). There are about rive of these striae in 1
mm. The diameter of this fragment was probably between 18 and 20 mm. Siphuncle
unknown.
The last three specimens described differ rather strongly from the fragments
illustrated in figs. 1 and 2 of Plate VI especially in their narrow compressed and high
annulations, and the very broad and nearly flat interspaces. It is quite possible that two
species are represented, but the material is too incomplete to wan-ant such a separation,
especially as the internal characters are not ascertainable.
The generic position of this shell is in doubt. The entire absence of longitudinal
sculpture except in the very young stages, would suggest that it belongs to the genus
Protocycloceras of Hyatt. The faintness of the longitudinal sculpture on the young,
however, together with the pronounced character of the annulations, and further the
Vol I. Grabau — Ordovician Fossils from North China (i) 65
genernl weathered character of the surface, suggests the possibility that if more perfect
material were obtained, the longitudinal sculpture would be found to persist into the later
-l.-ii^-s as discontinuous ridges in the interspaces. In that case the shell would l>e
referable to the genus Cycloceras. One might also argue, from the fact, that these fossils
are associated with Actinoceras, and other late Middle and early Upper Ordovician fossils,
that they belong more likely to Cycloceras, rather than to Protocycloceras, which is most
distinctive of the Lower Ordovician. Nor does the siphuncle help in the proper deter-
mination of the generic position of the form, as it is at present known only in section or
on the septal surface. The presence, in the largest fragment, of fine sharp concentric striae,
without indications of longitudinal striae, however, makes reference to Cycloceras doubtful.
Indeed this feature rather suggests Dawsonoceras, but the concentric striae are regular,
instead of being the frilled edges of the growth-lines as in that genus. Such a surface
character has not been recognized in other Ordovician cephalopods, and it is possible
that we are dealing here with a new genus. However, as the material is too incomplete,
and as too little can be ascertained of the septa and the character of the siphuncle, it
seems best for the present to place the specimens in the genus Cycloceras, especially as in
species of that genus the longitudinal sculpture is not always preserved.
HORIZON AND LOCALITIES: In the upper beds of the Actinoceras or Machiakou
limestone, in Limekiln Ravine, near Pei-tou-tze N.W. of Chaokouchuang, Kaiping
\>i\<m, Chihli. (Coll. Geo. B. Barbour) also in the same formation in other outcrops
near Chaokouchuang and Pei-tou-tze. (Collected by the Survey expedition).
Suborder Cyrtochoanites Hyatt
Family LOXOCERATID^E Hyatt
Genus STEREOPLASMOCERAS Grabau (gen. nov.)
Non-annulated, regularly expanding orthoceracones with nummuloidal siphuncle,
the nummuli more or less irregular and extending from septum to septum, widest near
the centers of the camerae, but without secondary annular deposits, or if these are present,
they are irregular. Septa generally compound, or complicated by pseudosepta which
extend only partway across the phragmocone, and join the preceding or succeeding
septum. The space thus enclosed by the pseudosepta is commonly filled with crystalline
stereoplasm deposited by the animal, this being present in varying amount, sometimes
tilling the whole or nearly the whole camera, especially in the older (earlier) parts of the
phragrnocone.
(i) G6 PaJseontologia Sinica Ser. B
This genus is closely related to Loxoceras, McCoy, with which it agrees in the
character of the siphuncle. Its distinctive character however is seen in the development
of the compound septa, or septa and pseudosepta, with stereoplasmic deposit between.
In ' these respects the genus is related to Actinoceras. Indeed this genus may be
considered as intermediate between Loxoceras, and Actinoceras, partaking of some
characters peculiar to the one and of others characteristic of the other.
The exterior of the shell is unknown except that it is not annulated. So far as
can be ascertained, the surface is smooth. Expansion is regular, and although the living
chamber is still unknown, there is no reason for assuming that it is other than in
Orthoceras.
Genotype. Stcreoplasmoceras pseudoseptatum Grabau, Ordovician.
It is highly probably that the specimen figured by Crick as Orthoceras or Actino-
ceras (Geol. Mag. New Ser. Dec. IV. Vol. X, PI. XXII fig. A) belongs to this genus, for
as far as can be ascertained from the reproduction of the photograph it shows the pseudo-
septa and stereoplasmic filling of S. pseudoseptatum.
Stereoplasmoceras pseudoseptatum Grabau (sp. nov.)
Plate VI, figs. 5-7. Plate IX, fig. 11.
Shell regularly tapering, apparently at a variable rate, though this may be due to
the variation in direction in which the sections are cut. In a specimen from Lincheng,
Shantung (cat. no. 80) the rate of tapering appears to be 1 in 6.5 while in a sectioned
specimen from Ningyang Shantung (Plate VI, fig. G cat. no. 57) it is only 1 in 12.5.
Still another section of an typical specimen from Tangshan (Plate VI, fig. 5, cat no. 58)
shows a rate of tapering of 1 : 9. 75. These variations are probably due to the fact that
the sections are cut somewhat obliquely and so do not give the true rate of tapering. The
true rate lies probably between the two extremes - i.e. about 1 : 9.
Section subcircular, apparently a little flattened on one side. Septal distance
about 4.6 mm. (varying in the different specimens from 4.5 (rarely 4) to 4.7, the shell
diameter varying from 25-30 mm. but not in the same proportion). Towards the
apertural end in the longer specimens, the interval increases to 5 mm. or to a little more,
the maximum shell diameter observed being somewhat less than 40 mm. The depth of
the septa is from 1 \ to 1 f camera. The septa are conspicuously compound, owing to
the numerous pseudosepta. On the upper side of the septum, the pseudosepta extend about
Vol I. Grabau — Ordorician Fossils from North China (i) 67
one third the diameter of the shell towards the center. At first they are more or less
parallel to the septum, then slope more or less abruptly to the septal surface near the
center where they either join the septum, becoming confluent with it; or continue as an
independent layer in contact with the septum at the center. At the shell margin these
pseudosepta again join the main septum. The pseudosepta on the under side of the true
septa are more irregular. As seen in section, some are annular, joining the main septum
in the center as do the pseudosepta above. In other cases the pseudosepta diverge from
the main septum some distance in from the shell-margin, and continue across the center
to within a similar distance of the opposite shell-margin. These pseudosepta thus have a
greater curvature than that of the true septa. When the pseudoseptum is confined to the
marginal portion of the section, it is in close contact, for a space, with the pseudo-
septum which joins the next preceding septum on the upper side. Again, the pseudo-
septum on the under side may become irregular, as it approaches the center, being
abruptly bent down, before it bends up again to join the under side of the septum above
it. The space between the pseudosepta and the septum to which they belong both above
and below this true septum, is filled solidly with stereoplasm in the form of crystalline
calcium carbonate (probably aragonite, at least originally). Thus in general the septa
appear thickened on both upper and lower marginal portions by nearly equal amounts of
stereoplasm, while the center is free from such thickening, the carnerce being filled only
by the lime-mud in which the shell was buried. In the older parts, where the lower
pseudosepta seem to extend across the center (possibly due to the position of the section)
nearly the whole of the camera appears filled with the stereoplasm.
The siphuncle is excentric, situated about half-way between the center and the
margin of the slightly flattened side, or a little nearer to the latter. Around it the
camera are often free from stereoplasm for some -considerable space. The siphuncle is
nummuloidal, expanding to 7 mm. in the center, where the septal distance is 4 mm. but
it does not appear to be regular. At the septa it contracts to about 2.5 mm. There are
either no stereoplasmic deposits, or, when present, they are irregular, and have the
nature of a norrower tube within the more expanded outer nurnmulus. Characters of
exterior of shell and of living chamber unknown.
A section of a specimen of Stereoplasmoceras from the Machiakou limestone of
WGn-nan, Shantung (Plate IX fig. 11), appears to belong to this species, representing
the earlier portion of the conch. The shell tapers at the rate of 1 in 6. The siphuncle,
though appearing centran in the section, is only about 4 mm. from the ventral margin at
the lower end of the specimen, and 5.5 mm. at the upper end. The diameter of the
nummuli is 7 mm. where the shell section is 28 mm. wide, in the upper end of the
( I ) 68 Palseontologia Sinica Ser. B
section, and 5 mm., where the section is 18 mm. wide. The septal interval ranges from
about 3.8 mm. in the lower, to 4 mm. in the upper part. The concavity of the septa is
equal to nearly 2 camera lengths. In the median portion of the specimen, the nummuli
show a distinct narrow central tube, which extends from septum to septum. Around
these septal necks, there is an irregular deposit of stereoplasm which partly fills the
nummuli, the remainder being filled by crystalline calcite of secondary origin. The
central tubes or septal necks, stop abruptly at a septum about one-third the length of the
fragment from the bottom, this abrupt cessation suggesting that they are not present in
the earlier nummuli, which contain only an irregular deposit of stereoplasm. The
pseudosepta are of the type described for the larger specimens of this species.
HORIZON AND LOCALITIES: So far as known, this species is confined to the
Machiakou limestone where it is associated with Actinoceras. Characteristic specimens
have been obtained from Lincheng in Shantung (F. J\ Mathieu), from Ningyang,
Shantung, and Tangshan and Lushan, Chihli, (Survey collection), from Wen-nan,
MonTYin-Hsien Shantung (V. K. Ting coll.) and from Chaokouchuang, Chihli (Survey
expedition of 1921). It is thus seen to be a widespread species.
Stereoplasmoceras machiakounense Grabau (sp. nov.)
Plate VI, Figs. 8
Shell subcylindrical, tapering very gently, section apparently circular, siphuncle
subcentran.
Septa moderately concave, the depth equal to about one camera. Septal distance
varying from 4 mm. in the lower part of the fragment, to 6 mm. in the upper, the
diameter of the shell being about 20 and 21 mm. respectively. Pseudosepta irregularly
developed, occurring in one part of a chamber but absent in another. Some cameras are
without pseudosepta, and are solidly filled with stereoplasm. In other cases, the camera
on one side of the section is without stereoplasm, while on the other side, where a
pseudoseptum is present, it may be partly filled by this deposit. So far as can be
ascertained the stereoplasm is confined to the upper surface of the septum.
Siphuncle gently nummuloidal the nummuli swelling to a diameter of 5.3 mm.
in the center, and contracting to 3 mm. at the septal ends. There is no stereoplasm in
the siphuncle which is filled only with the matrix.
Vol I. Grabau — Ordovician Fossils from North China (i) 69
Another specimen from Lincheng Shantung, referred to this species, has a septal
distance of 7 mm. where the shell is 21 mm. in diameter. The rate of tapering of this
specimen, as indicated in the section, is 1 in 8.5. There is comparatively little stereo-
plasm in the camerse, and it appears to be confined to the upper surface of the septum
and bounded above by a pseudoseptum. The siphuncle is not shown in this specimen.
This species differs from S. pseudoseptatum in its proportionately more distant
and somewhat shallower septa, in the narrowly nummuloidal siphuncle, the comparative-
ly few pseudosepta and the frequent complete filling of the camerse with stereoplasm.
HORIZON AND LOCALITIES: In the Machiakou limestone at Machiakou Chihli
province, (H. C. T'an, cat. no. 15,) and in the same horizon at Lincheng, Shantung
province (F. F. Mathieu, cat. no. 79). In both places the species is associated with
Actinoceras richthofeni, A tani etc. and is of early Upper Ordovician age. A specimen
referred with some hesitation to this species, because of its narrower septal interval (4
where the diameter is 14 mm., 4.5 where it is 18 mm.) came from Tse-yan, Ning-yang
Hsien, Shantung. It has the same rate of tapering, and slight amount of stereoplasm
found in the Lincheng specimen. (Survey collection cat. no. 82).
Stereoplasmoceras actinoceriforme Grabau (sp. nov.)
Plate IX, figs. 9a-b, lOa, b.
Shell rather strongly tapering, the rate varying from about 1 in 6, to 1 in 7, with
the cross-section either subcircular to suboval, and the siphuncle nearly centran, or
circular with the siphuncle slightly excentric. The dimensions of the lower end of a
well-preserved section (Plate IX, fig. 9b) are: transvese diameter, 17 mm., distance from
center of siphuncle to ventral (?) side, 7 mm..
Siphuncle strongly nummuloidal, giving the shell an Actinoceras-like appearance,
but without the regular siphonal fillings characteristic of that genus. In one specimen
(Plate IX, fig. lOa) the siphuncle appears to have been wholly empty, becoming filled
with the fine matrix of calcilutyte, in which the shell was embedded. This, in the lower
two nummuli preserved, has separated out, showing the inside of the wall of the
nummulus which is quite regular and fairly smooth. In a second, larger, specimen
(Plate IX, fig. 9a, b) the nummuli are filled with coarsely crystallized calcite, the
outlines of which are distinct from the walls of the nummuli.
(]) 70 Palseontologia Sinica Ser. B
Diameter of nummuli varying from 5 to 5.5 mm. and their length, which is also
the septal interval, from 2.7 mm., where the diameter of the shell is from 1ft to 18 mm.
(Plate IX, fig. lOa), to 3 mm. or a little over, where the diameter is 20 mrn. (Plate IX,
fig. 9a). Depth of septa a little more than one camera length. Pseudosepta and stereo-
plasmic deposits in the camerte very irregular. *
This species differs from the others of this genus in its suboval section, nearly
centran siphuncle, and short septal interval, as well as in its irregular pseudosepta and
stereoplasmic deposits. From S. machiakounense it differs, moreover, in the strongly
nummuloidal siphuncle, the nummuli of which are much broader than long, whereas it is
the reverse in S. machiakounense. From S. pseudoseptatum it differs in its smaller size, in
the subcentran position of the siphuncle, and in the irregularity of the pseudosepta and
stereoplasm; also in the regularity of the siphonal nummuli, and their complete freedom
from deposits of stereoplasm. The species might easily be mistaken for an Actinoceras,
but the absence of annular deposits shows that it belongs to the Loxoceratidie.
HORIZON AND LOCALITIES: In the Machiakou limestone of early Upper Ordovician
(Black River) age at Kushan, Chihli, and at Wen-nan Mon-Yin-Hsien Shantung (V.
K. Ting coll.).
Family ACTINOCERATID^E Samann,
Genus ACTINOCERAS Bronn
The type of this genus is Actinoceras bigsbiji Bronn, a widely distributed
American species, which occurs in the late Middle and early Upper Ordovician (Stones
River, Black River and Trenton). It ranges from Tennessee northward to arctic America
(Iglook Island, Fox Channel), westward to Iowa and Lake Winnipeg, and eastward to
New York. The shell expands rapidly at first forming an irregularly conical apical end
which is characterized by a large foramen, surrounded by a distinctly swollen ring.
This feature has been figured by Foord for A. bigsbyi from arctic America and Canada,
and it is equally well shown in a specimen of A. tani in the survey collection (Plate
VII, figs. 7a, b). The apical cone of Actinoceras, in the specimens figured by Foord,
and in our form, is somewhat asymmetrical. In the American form the apical foramen or
scar is moreover situated obliquely, while in the Chinese form it is normal to the axis.
This foramen apparently marks the point of decortication of the embryonic chamber or
protoconch.
Vol I. Grabau — Ordovician Fossils from North China (i) 71
After the initial rapid expansion, the rate of increase of the tube is diminished,
being in some cases more nearly that of an ordinary Orthoceras, but more rapid in others
so as to produce a very stout structure. In some cases as in A. richthofeni the rate of
expansion diminishes again after a while so as to produce a more cylindrical final portion.
In rare cases the form is slightly curved. The cross-section varies from circular to oval.
The Siphuncle. This is generally large and inflated in the camera? so as to
produce a pronounced nummuloidal character or a succession of nummuli. * In size the
siphuncle varies from less than one fourth to more than half the diameter of the conch.
In the rapidly expanding apical end of the shell the siphuncle quickly reaches a large size
and thereafter expands very little if at all, although the diameter of the shell may
increase. Thus in the older part of A. richthofeni the siphuncle may occupy more than
half the diameter of the shell, while in the expanded portion it does not occupy much
more than one third that diameter. In position the siphuncle is centran or excentric
even submarginal, though it is not always possible in sections to determine with certainty
that the centran appearing position is not due to the manner in which the section
is made.
The walls of the siphuncle are thickened by secondary deposits of carbonate of
lime. Freeh (Richthofen Vol. V. Plate 2 fig. 1) has illustrated a section of A. crassiven-
trum Wahl. which shows the manner of thickening of the siphuncular wall. According to
this, the portions opposite the ends of the septa and those in the inflated portions in the
camera} are thickened independently, the former in advance of the latter. As a result of
this addition of new material, the central cavity is reduced to a narrow central tube or
endosiphuncle, from which lateral annular diverticula extend into the inflated portion of
the siphuncle. Frequently the thickening has progressed so far that the whole or nearly
the whole of the inflated portions (i. e. the diverticula) become filled solidly, leaving
only a central more or less cylindrical tube, the endosiphuncle. This is the case in the
majority of specimens of A. tani and .1. richthofeni though the specimen figured by Freeh
(Richthofen V. Plate 2 fig. 8a, ) still shows the presence of these lateral diverticula.
In some forms, as in A. richthofeni, the deposition of stereoplasm in the siphuncle
is more pronounced in the anterior portion, this resulting in the formation of oblique
• livcrticiila from the central tube. This is fully described and illustrated under A.
rirhlhnfeni (See text fig. 19, p. 79, and Plate IX, fig. 4.)
A specimen of , 1 . richthofeni in the collection of the Survey, shows the interior of
the siphuncle in a fair state of preservation and unfilled by foreign material, the former
* See the foot - note on page 76
(i) 72 Palseontologia Sinica Ser. E
filling having been removed by weathering. From this specimen it appears, that the
thickening is not uniform all around the periphery of the siphuncle but rather in the
form of bead-like enlargements. (Plate VII, fig. 3). This seems to be analogous to the
structure of the siphuncle of A. bigsbyi figured by Foord (Cat. Foss. Cephalopoda Brit.
Mus. Plate I. pp. 164-165 figs. 20-22) where a series of tubuli run from the endosiphuncle
to the outer rim of the intra-cameral expansions, i. e. the nummuli. These tubuli have
also been observed in specimens of A. tani from the Chinese rocks, and probably repre-
sent a feature usual in this genus.
According to Foord, the central tube or endosiphuncle is provided with a distinct
wall of which the tubuli are diverticulations. Their number has been estimated by Bronn
as 16 in A. bigsbyi, but the number of foramina figured in this species by Foord is very
much greater. Those so far observed in Chinese specimens are few, probably not more
than 16.
The significance of these tubes and foramina is not clear. Owen (Palaeontology,
1860 p. 85) suggested that they may have served for the passage of blood-vessels to the
living membrane of the septal chamber, which would imply that these chambers were not
merely empty spaces, cut off as in Nautiloids generally. The thickenings of the wall of
the siphuncle were regarded by Hyatt "as strictly homologous with the successive
sheaths of the endoseptum of Piloceras and Endoceras ' '. I would however interpret the
endocones of the Holochoanites as the crowded septa of an inner shell, comparable to an
orthoceracone, which would make them entirely distinct from the thickening of the
siphuncle of Actinoceras.
Suggestions have repeatedly been made regarding the significance of these
siphuncular thickenings. Freeh suggests that the thickening represents an attempt to
render mechanically weak cylindrical structures more resistant against wave and current
attack, the siphuncle thus being transformed into a supporting structure, or into a species
of back-bone. That the solidified siphuncle became such a supporting structure, and that
because of it the genus Actinoceras was a long-lived one, extending from the Ordovician
to the Carboniferous, may be conceded, though it is by no means certain that Actinoceras
as now understood is monophyletic. In other words it is not improbable that the
Actinoceras type of siphuncle was independently developed in more than one phyletic
series, representing thus parallelism in development, rather than genetic relationship.
The origin of the structure however must be sought in the purely mechanical processes of
lime separation as the result of the decay of the cells of the older part of the siphuncle,
the gradual contraction of which was a concomitant phenomenon of the functional
detereoration of that part of the animal's anatomy. I would regard this excessive lime
Vol J. Grabau — Ordovician Fossils from North China (i) 73
separation rather as evidence of senescence, and consider the Actinoceran type a phylo-
gerontic phase of orthoceraconic development.
The apertural end of the siphuncle. A specimen of A. richthofeni from Huo-Luh,
Chih li province, presented to the Survey collection by Miss Clarke, shows a section of
the apertural end of the siphuncle (Plate VII, fig. 2). This has a, maximum diameter
of 12 mm. and shows a conical depression about 25 mm. in depth and 8 mm. across at
the upper end. The sides of the apertural cone are formed by the obstruction rings or
rosettes of. stereoplasm deposited about the septal necks, this deposit being slight in
the upper part and increasing in thickness downward. This gives the inner surface of the
cone an undulating appearance, contracting at the septal ne.cks, and expanding between the
septa, in conformity with the expansion of the siphuncle. The continuation of the cone
in the endosiphuncle is not shown in the section, but undoubtedly existed. The
funnel-shaped apertural end of the endosiphuncle resembles that of the Silurian genus
l)i*cosorus Hall, but there is no lining membrane or sheath as in that genus. It
merely represents the still unfilled portion of the siphuncle and shows that the filling by
"obstruction rings " progressed regularly from behind forward. There are indications in
the specimen thai the camera? of the shell continued beyond the upper end of this cone
thus suggesting that the upper end of the siphuncle consisted of a series of hollow
nummuli. If this was the case, the upper portion corresponds in character to the genus
Stereoplasmoceras and as it represents a more primitive stage in development through
which the shell passed as a whole (the filling being subsequent to the formation of the
nummuli) the suggestion lies near that Actinoceras is a derivative from Stereoplasmoceras,
which in turn is derived from Loxoceras, and that from Orthoceras.
The septal thickening. In practically all of the specimens of Actinoceras from
the Machiakou limestone, a striking thickening of the septa by stereoplasm or
organic deposits of carbonate of lime has taken place, so that the camera? are more or less
completely rilled by this calcareous deposit. Complete filling is rare, but has been
observed in some cases, while in others the thickening has proceeded only far enough to
fill about one half of the camenL The thickening is most generally produced by
addition of lime to the upper surface of the septum, but in other cases it appears to be
added to the under side as well. It is however possible that this appearance is deceptive,
and due to the irregularity of the septum, which bends forward before reaching the
inter-nummuloid contractions of the siphuncle (see A. coulingi, Plate VIII, fig. 1 cat. no.
4). The deposit is very often thickest near the siphuncle, close to which it frequently
thins away abruptly, leaving a subtriangular area next to the outer margin of the
(i) 74 Palieonlologia Sinica Ser. B
nummulus, which area was vacant space and has been filled in by the lime mud after
burial of the shell. (Plate VII, fig. 6).
The material which forms the thickening of the septa is crystalline carbonate of
lime, similar in all respects to that which fills the nummuli of the siphuncle. It is readily
distinguished from the mud-filling of the open spaces, which is a uniform dark calcilutyte.
The thickening of the septa is not uniform. In a specimen of A. coulingi (Plate
VIII, fig. 1) it is comparatively slight in the young or apical part of the shell, becomes
most marked in the middle portion, and is comparatively slight in the apertural or
last-built portion of the shell. This feature is also shown in a specimen of A. tani (Plate
VII, fig. 6). In this specimen the upper surface of the organic deposit is smooth
though somewhat undulating, having the appearance of a definite secondary septum. In
this species, the thickening increases slightly near the siphuncle, and then thins away
very rapidly, generally with a concavity of surface.
That this lime-deposit is of organic origin, i. e. deposited by the animal which
occupied the shell, is beyond question, for only by such an origin can the uniformity of
the deposit be explained. That it was formed on successive floors of the living-chamber,
i. e. that each deposit was formed before the next covering septum was built, seems to me
also evident, for there is absolutely no indication that the camera were in subsequent
communication with the animal, the small tubuli of the siphuncle notwithstanding. I
would interpret the filling of the camera as a process strictly analogous to the filling of
the "siphuncle" by similar crystalline lime in the Holochoanites, the "supplementary
septum " or "pseudo-septum " which commonly terminates it, being comparable to .the
endosheaths (as are also the true septa). Thus after the formation of each septum,
deposition of lime continued upon it for a time, after which, during a resting stage, a
pseudoseptum in close contact with the crystalline lime was formed. This was followed
by a forward movement of the animal in the shell, and the formation of a new septum,
which thus was distant for a certain space (generally less than half the height of the
camera) from the pseudoseptum and crystalline deposit. After that the deposition of
crystalline lime recommenced upon the surface of the new septum.
Distribution. Actinoceras appears abruptly in the Ordovician rocks of North
America and north China. A doubtful species (A? mendax Salter) has been described
from the Durness limestone of Sutherlandshire (north Scotland), where it occurs in the
higher beds (Balnakiel and Croisaphuil groups), a horizon representing essentially the
Beekmantown or perhaps early Chazy of eastern North America. * The species has also
been reported from Skye, and doubtfully from Newfoundland and the Mingan Islands.
* See Graban, A.W., Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer. Vol. 27, pp. 568-570, 1916.
I. Grabau — Ordovicton Fossils Jrom North China (i) 75
Most of the American Ordovician species occur in the Black River or early
Trenton formations, though some range down into the Stones River (late Chazyan), and
others up into the Galena limestone (late Trenton) or even into the Cincinnatian. Their
geographical distribution ranges from the south central United States to the Arctic
regions. No species is known from the Ordovician of Europe with the exception of the
Scottish form noted, but the formation in which this occurs, is an extension of the North
American, not of the typical European Ordovician. * In the Silurian on the other hand,
this species is not uncommon in western Europe as well as in North America, and it
again occurs, though less abundantly, in the Lower Carboniferous (Mississippian or Di-
nantian) of these countries, though this may possibly be a distinct development of
Actinoceran characters in another genetic series.
In China the genus appears to be practically confined to the northern provinces,
though Yabe describes and figures two fragments of undetermined species from Hsing-
shou Hsien, northwest of Ichang, Hupeh province. As the Ordovician of south China
is much better known than that of north China, and as these are the only fragment so
far obtained from the neighbourhood, though still to the north, of the Yangtze, it would
appear that the genus is unrepresented in the south of China.
Actinoceras richthofeni Freeh
Plate VII, figs. 1-3, Plate IX, figs. 4-8.
191 1 Actinoceras richthofeni Freeh, in Richthofen, China, Vol. V., p. 8, Plate II, fig. 4a (4b?) .
This species was figured but scarcely described by Freeh, who merely states that
the siphuncle is subcentral in position and occupies about one-third of the diameter of
the shell. His illustration shows rather strongly concave septa about 3.4 mm. apart,
while the siphuncle has a fairly regular diameter of 14 mm. in the large end, which is 30
mm. in diameter, and 12 mm. in the smaller end, which is 20 mm. in diameter. The
distance between the two measured points is 46 mm., giving a rate of tapering of nearly
1 mm. in 3, though this is only approximate, as it is not certain that the section is
parallel to the axis of the shell.
Shell oval in section, the two diameters being as 1 to 1.4 in the younger, and as 1
to 1.5 in the more mature portion; tapering at the rate of 1 in 3, or 1 in 3.5 laterally, but
* (irabau loc. cit. The genus occurs on Bear Island and King William Land, in the arc»ic region.
(i) 76 Palasontologia Sinica <Ser. B
only at the rate of 1 in 6 or 7 dorso-ventrally. Shell-surface apparently with longitudinal
fiexuous strife; sutures somewhat flexuous, slightly arching forward on one of the sides.
Average distance between cameras 3.75 mrn., less in the younger stages. Depth of
cameras, in center, equal to about 3 camera-lengths or slightly more. Siphuncle nummu-
loidal, large, centran, and oval in section, corresponding to the section of the shell. It
increases less rapidly in diameter than does the shell, its lateral diameter being 14 mm.
where that of the shell is 41 mm., (Plate IX, fig. 7) ; and 10 mm. where that of the shell
is 30 mm. while its dorso-ventral diameter is 11.5 mm. where that of the shell is 28
mm., and 9 mm. in the younger stage, where that of the shell is only 24 mm. (Plate IX,
fig. 8). It is thus more nearly circular in section in the younger stages. Siphuncle as a
rule only partially filled by rosettes of stereoplasm, leaving a large central tube, from
which lateral, more or less forward-bending diverticula extend into the nummuli.*
Cameras only partially (seldom entirely) filled with secondary stereoplasm.
The most complete specimen obtained is a fragment of the lower part of a large
conch preserving 12 cameras complete and portions of 3 others. This specimen is shown
on Plate IX, figs. 7a-7e, and clearly shows the oval section which in the upper part is 41
mm. in lateral, and 27 mm. in dorso-ventral diameter. Three views of the specimen were
drawn (7a-7c), after which it was sectioned, the two sections being shown in figs. 7d-7e.
The form of the eiphuncle corresponds to that of the shell, and its two diameters at the
upper end of the fragment are each about one third that of the corresponding diameter of
the shell. The nummuli are only partially filled with rosettes of stereoplasm, leaving a
large median tube from 2 to 2.5 mm. in diameter. At the lower end of the specimen the
diameter of the lower nummulus is 11.5 mm., the form being practically circular. At the
upper end, the nummulus, next to the highest complete nummulus, has a diameter of
15.3 mm. while the highest completely preserved one, has a diameter of only 14mm.
Here the dorso-ventral diameter is also 11.5 mm. This shows that while there is in
general an increase in diameter laterally, there is also some variation. From the median
tube, a lateral tube traverses the center of each nummulus, in some cases extending
outward approximately at a right angle, in others bending slightly forward. Again it may
bend forward and then outward as seen in the second nummulus from the top (fig. 7e).
In a few cases the opening of this tube in a pore on the periphery of the nummulus is
well shown in the sections.
The septa are thickened by secondary stereoplasm, which appears to occur both
on the upper and under side of the septum, though this feature is somewhat obscured by
* The term nummulus (pi. nummuli) is here used for the individual beads of the nnmmuloidal siphunclr.
whether these are tilled with secondary deposits or empty. These nummuli may be compared to the individual checker-
like elements dm (|^) of the Chinese calculating frame or Suanjj'an
Vol T. Grabau — Ordovician Fossils from North China (i) 77
the development of crystalline calcium carbonate of inorganic origin in portions of the
carm-iv', especially on one side of the siphuncle. Pseudosepta generally define the
stereoplasm. Some camera? were however empty, having been filled by the matrix only
(a fine brownish calcilutyte) which also fills the median tube.
Only traces of the shell are preserved which appears to have been rather thin,
and marked by more or less flexuous longitudinal strise.
In a fragment of a smaller (younger) individual from the same locality (Plate
IX, fig. 8) the sides are more sharply acute (slightly accentuated by pressure in the
specimen), while the siphuncular nummuli are proportionately larger and have a nearly
circular transverse section. The dorso-ventral diameter of the interior of the shell (the
septate stone-mold) at the largest end preserved, is 24 mm., and its transverse diameter
about 34 mm. while the corresponding diameters of the sipliuncle are 9 and 10 mm.
respectively. The depth of a single camera in this specimen is 12 mm. where its short
diameter is 22 mm. The septal interval at this stage is slightly smaller than usual,
being on the average 3.33 mm.
Because of the oval transverse section of the shell, the specimens practically
always lie upon one of their broader sides, and hence the weathered sections always
expose the transverse diameter of the shell, and the tapering seen is that of the lateral
largins, and hence the greater of the two. A dorso-ventral section, if obtained, would
show a very different rate of tapering, and a much narrower shell. The great depth of
the camene would however appear in such a section as well.
A larger specimen of this species from Tangshan (Plate VII, fig. 1), is 111 mm,
long but incomplete at both ends. At the widest part preserved, it is 4G mm. in width,
while at the lower end it is 24 mm. wide, the distance between these points being 66
im. This gives a rate of tapering of 1 mm. in 3, essentially the same as that of Freeh's
figured specimen. The diameter of the siphuncular nummuli in this wider part is about
16mm., or about one third the width of the shell. In the lower part it is about 13.5
mm., and therefore more than half the width of the shell.
The septa are about 3.8 mrn. apart in the upper, and 3.6 mm. in the lower part.
In a specimen on the same slab with the one just described, the interior of the siphuncle
is well preserved (Plate VII, fig. 3). This shows that the secondary deposits at the
inner ends of the septa are not continuous all around the siphuncle, but form a series of
rounded thickenings, there being about six of these to the circumference, judging from
the number shown in the specimen, which is one longitudinal half of the shell. This
accounts for variation in thickness of these inner deposits, as observed in different
(0 78 Palseontologia Sinica Ser B.
sections; sections through the centers of two opposite beads would show the greatest
amount of thickening, while sections through the depression between the beads would
show the least, others falling between these.
In the majority of specimens the septa show secondary thickening, either on
one or on both sides. This is however seldom if ever as extensive as in A. tani. In
some cases, indeed, it is scarcely developed, or is strongly developed on one side only,
as in the type figured by Freeh (loc. cit. Plate 2 fig. 4a). The bowl-shaped depression
which is formed around the siphuncle by the abrupt oblique truncation of the deposit
near the siphuncle, in such species as A. tani and some others, is seldom developed.
I have not seen it in perfection in any specimen of this species, though it occurs in
individual septa. Not infrequently the deposit widens towards the siphuncle, and comes
in close contact with it. One or two pseudosepta are commonly present in each camera
characterized by such deposit. One may divide the deposit into two parts, and the other
terminate it, after which there is an interval represented by an empty space (filled,
except in weathered specimens, by the rock matrix *) and then a new septum follows.
In some cases the stereoplasm is included between the septum and a pseudosep-
tum next in front (see fig. 0 Plate IX). Again there may be a slight deposit of
stereoplasm both on the upper and under sides of the septum, but this is generally
irregular, especially on the under side, as if the septum had been broken. Thickening
by stereoplasm on both sides of the septa is indicated in Freeh's figure of the type, but I
have not seen any specimen in which the thickening is as regular as is shown on the
right side of his figure. A fragment which I refer to this species (Plate IX, fig. 5)
has the cameras nearly filled with stereoplasm, the septa appearing out of position, ending
apparently against the nummuli. This would give the appearance of Freeh's figure, if we
assume that the septa are pseudosepta, and that true septa occur in the midst of the
stereoplasm deposit. Of this there is however no indication. In fact, the septa are
strongly bent backwards, so as to rest for a space against the upper or frontal surface of
the next preceding nummulus. If a deposit of stereoplasm exists on the under side of the
septum it could hardly be explained otherwise, than by assuming its formation to have
taken place after the formation of the septum, in which case there must have remained
some organic connection between the camera and the animal.
* It is a noteworthy fact, that the eriginally empty portions of the earners? are almost always filled with the
rock matrix (generally in our specimens a calcilutytej in which the shell as a whole is embedded. It does not seem likely
that the lime-mud, fine though it was, could filter through the " endosiphuncle " and the radiating tubules into these
earners? (no mud-filled tubules have been observed), and we therefore must conclude that it entered through fractures in
the outer shell, fprmd no doubt by crushing after burial. In some cages the shell is seen to have been worn away before
final burial, and in such specimens of course all empty spaces were filled by the lime-mud, and in some cases even other
foreign substances, such as fragments of other fossils, are enclosed.
Vol I.
Grabau — Ordovician Fossils from North China
(0 79
The inner tube of the siphuncle (endosiphuncle of authors) varies in diameter
with the progress of siphuncular filling. In a specimen (Plate IX, fig. 4) in which the
siphuncle has a width of 15 mm., it is only 1 mm. wide. In another (Plate VII, fig. 3),
whore the diameter of the siphuncle is about 11 mm., the open central tube has a
diameter of about 5 mm. In the latter specimen, broad open diverticula diverge laterally,
terminating in the centers of the nummuli, apparently in fine tubuli. In the former
example, whore the central tube has been narrowed to a diameter of 1 mm., the
diverticula are reduced to tubes which curve obliquely downwards and outwards. Thus
the tube which terminates in a pore in the center of a nummulus, reaches the endo-
siphuncle at a point almost in the median horizontal plane of the nummulus next
forward. This peculiar structure is seen in a weathered section from Lincheng, province
of Shantung, and appears also, but in a less marked
degree, in the type specimen from Manchuria figured
by Freeh. It indicates that the deposition of materi-
al, was most pronounced on, and finally practically
confined to, the anterior part of the floor of each num-
mulus as illustrated in text fig. 19. The deposits on
the bottom of a single nummulus may be likened to
a series of closely approximated superposed septa, the
first slightly but normally concave, with a well-mar-
ked siphonal funnel, and thickened at the funnel-
edge; each succeeding septum becoming more
thickened at the funnel-edge, and having its funnel
end invaginated into that of the preceding one. In
consequence of the thickening of the septum at the
funnel-edge, the central portion would rise more and
*'* more, the septum curving upwards from the rim to
Fig. 19. Diagrammatic section of the part
of a shell of .!'(/«.«.,„> ,,,/,//»,,,„/ represented the funnel-edge, until the center of the septum, still
on plate IX, lijr. 4. drawn to scale. The
•iphniicle is here shown in the process of filling pierced by the funnel-holes, is higher than the rim.
by Bterooplasm. In the upper part it is shown
empty, smvrssive layer* of stereopiasm are This would mean a progressive collapse of the
lidded, in such a way that the diverticula from
8iPhonal expansions, until they represented only a
thin double membrane. Some slight additions of
lime have meanwhile been made to the inside of the
upper (forward) surface of the inside of the nummu-
lus, by the upper surface of the siphonal expansion. Thus, what appears as a lateral tube
in section, may in reality be the section of the space occupied by this collapsed siphonal
tural si/e. (<•, camera' ; ih; diverticula of endo-
.-iplmtuKc: en, endosiphotube; x, septa; *h,
shrill •</, stcreuplasinic filling of nummuli).
(i) 80 Palseontologia Sinica Ser. B
expansion, which is more or less continuous across the siphuncle, and into which the
several pores of the siphonal wall open. This is well shown in the specimen illustrated
in fig. 4 Plate IX, where the end of the siphuncle has been severed off along one of
these planes of weakness.
Aperturally the endosiphuncle terminates in a conical expansion, as described on
page 73. It may continue beyond this in a series of hollow nummuli.
The mural pores of the siphuncle, if they are present in this species, are not well
preserved. In a specimen in which they might be expected to appear prominently
there appears to be no positive indication of them. This may be merely due to the
manner of preservation, or the pores may in reality be absent, or may have been com-
pletely filled during the progress of shell growth.
So far as can be determined from the fragmentary material, the exterior of the
shell is without ornamentation except fine flexuous longitudinal lines.
Comparisons. Freeh compares this species with a fragment figured by Barrande *
under the name Orlhoceras (Actinoceras) richardsoni from Little Manitoulin or Cockburn
Island Lake Huron, Canada, and calls attention to the fact, that Barrande 's specimen
can not be regarded as belonging to A. richardsoni Stokes. This would suggest that the
Chinese species, or a closely allied but unnamed species, also occurs in the early Upper
Ordovician (Trenton) of North America. I know of no other described species with
which our Chinese form can be compared.
HORIZON AND LOCALITIES : In the Machiakou (Upper Tsinan) or Adinoceras
limestone, widely distributed in north China. The type comes from Hsiau-sorr, Feng-
tien, (Manchuria), and was collected by von Richthofen in 1869. Yabe cites the species
as common at Kwa-sen-do, Ko-to-gun, Hei-an-nan-do, in Korea.** In Chihli province
it has been obtained from Tangshan, Machiakou, and Chaokouchuang, all in the Kaiping
basin, and from Huo-Luh Hsien in the southwestern part of the province (by Miss Clarke).
In Shantung province it has been found near Lin-cheng by .Dr. F. F. Mathieu and at
Seng Chuang, Ningyang district and Wen Nan, Monyin-Hsien, by Dr. Ting.
Actinoceras tani Grabau (sp. nov.)
Plate VII, figs. 4 - 7.
Shell slender, tapering at a rate varying from 1 in 5 to 1 in 7 according to the
direction of the section measured. Cross-section faintly oval. Siphuncle excentric, on
* Syat. Sil. de la Bohfime, Vol. II Text III. 187-1, p. 737, pi. 234, figa. 2, 3.
** Pal. Southern China 1920, p. 54, footnote.
Vol I, Qrabau — Ordovician Fossils Jrom North China (i) 81
the shorter axis of the section, and distant from the nearest shell-margin a variable
amount, this ranging from about half, to a little more than its full diameter. From the
opposite shell-margin it is separated between two to three times this amount. In a
specimen from Tangshan (Plate VII, fig. 5, cat. no. 26) the diameter of the siphuncle is
5 mm. where the shell is 22.3 mm. in diameter, while in another specimen from
Shantung, the siphuncle has a diameter of 4.5, the shell diameter being 17.5 mm. (cat.
no. ()0). In the specimen illustrated in figure 6 Plate VII, (cat. no. 1), where the
siphuncle is apparently centran, because of the position of the section, it retains a very
uniform diameter of 6 mm. while that of the shell ranges, at the point of the section,
from 16 to 20 mm. As this is a shell with excentric siphuncle,* the section does of
course not represent the maximum diameter nor the true rate of tapering.
In a specimen from Chihli (Plate VII, figs. 4a, l>, cat. no. 69) which shows the
greatest rate of expansion observed (1 in 5), the siphuncle appears centran in longitudinal
section, but the transverse section shows it to be about one half its diameter from the
margin. The siphuncle is 8 mm. in diameter where the shell in the same section is 24
mm. The endosiphuncle (endosiphotube) is about 1.5 mm. in diameter or a little more,
and appears as a regular cylindrical tube. The septa average 2.6 mm. apart. They are
sometimes double, and the camera are largely filled with stereoplasm.
The nurnmuli, or expansions of the siphuncle in the camene, are generally
regular and symmetrical, though now and then one is shorter, or of smaller diameter.
When well exposed, the peripheral mural pores may be seen, ranged around the ambitus
of the nummulus. In a specimen from Tangshan (Plate VII, fig. 7c), they are small,
and each is situated at the summit of a low pustule, the pustules being separated by a
space equal to about twice their diameter. I estimate their number on a single nummu-
lus to be about 24.
The septa are strongly thickened by the addition, on the upper side, of stere-
oplasm, which has a crystalline structure and is terminated by a smooth - surfaced
supplementary septum or pseudoseptum in each camera. . The thickening proceeds to
within a short distance of the siphuncle, when it dies away abruptly, the pseudoseptum
sloping steeply and generally concavely to the septum, which latter joins the siphuncle in
the constriction between the nummuli. Thus a sort of saucer-like depression is formed
around each nummulus, which appears to lie in it like the pudding in a dish.
The thickening, by stereoplasm, is not uniform ini (successive cameroc, nor within
the same camera. As will be seen from the natural section of the specimen illustrated in
* Tliis can not be positively seen in the specimen in question, but as it lias all the other characters of thi.-
species, which from other specimens is known to have an excentric siphuncle, the above inference may be safely made.
(i) 82 Palseontologia Sinica Ser. B
figure 6 on Plate VII, the same camera may show a thickening on one side to the
extent of half the height of the camera, while on the opposite side the thickening may
fill nearly the whole of the camera. In a general way, there is a decrease in the amount
of the deposit from the older septa forward to the younger.
The apical end of this species is shown in a specimen from Tangshan (Plate VII,
figs. 7a,b). This begins with a somewhat asymmetrical subconical initial chamber, about
9 mm. in depth. At its apex is the large siphuncular foramen, surrounded by a swollen
annulus, the whole producing an apical mammelon, about 7 mm. in basal diameter. The
central scar or siphuncular opening is about 3.5 mm. in diameter. At its upper end the
initial chamber has a lateral diameter of 16.6 mm. and a dorso-ventran of 16 mm. The
mammelon lies to one side of the lateral, but, on the dorso-ventral axis. Above the
initial chamber the ventral (?) side (side nearest to which the siphuncle lies) becomes
faintly concave longitudinally as if the shell were taking on a cyrtoceraconic form. This
continues for about five chambers after which it disappears and the surface slope is
normally orthoceraconic. Almost from the first the septa average 3 mm. apart at the
suture, their concavity being equal to about the depth of one camera. This early portion
of the shell has a somewhat greater angle of divergence than is characteristic of later
stages, being about 1 in 4.
Surface features of shell unknown.
This form is readly distinguished by its slender character, gentle rate of tapering,
septal distance, character of stereoplasm and excentric siphuncle. The latter is not
however always seen in its true relation in longitudinal section, for if this is normal to
the dorso-ventral axis the siphuncle appears centran as in fig. 6 Plate VII.
HORIZON AND LOCALITY: A. tani is probably as common as, if not more so than
A. richthofeni, and occurs in practically the same localities, in the Machiakou limestone.
Specimens have been obtained from Tangshan (F. K._ Morris, G. B. Barbour), Machia-
kou (H. C. T'an), and Chaokouchuang (Survey expedition) Chihli; from Lincheng,
from Chan-chin-Hsien, and elsewhere in Shantung (F. F. Mathieu, J. G. Andersson and
V. K. Ting) and from Chilio, south of Shih-T'ou Chiang, Chihli (G. B. Barbour).
The specific name is given in honor of Mr. H. C. T'an of the Chinese Geological
Survey.
Actinoceras coulingi Grabau (sp. nov.)
Plate VIII, figs. 1, 2.
1903 Actinoceras (Ormoceras) aff. tenuifilum Hall. Crick, Geological Magazine N. Ser. Dec.
IV, Vol. X, p. 481, pi. XXII fig. C.
Vol I. Grabau — Ordovician Fossils from North China (i) 83
1920 Actinoceras (Ormoceras) sp. indet. Yabe, Palaeontology of Southern Chinn, pi. XIX
fig. 'J. (not pi. XVIII fig. 12).
Shell large, tapering at the rate of about 1 in 5 to 1 in 5.5. Siphuncle centran or
nearly so, increasing very slowly in diameter, the nummuli strongly flattened above and
below so as to be in contact with the septum for nearly one fourth their width on all
sides. At a point where the shell is 24.2 mm. in diameter, the siphuncle is 8.5 mm.
(Plate VIII, fig. 2, cat. no. 27). In another specimen (Plate VIII, fig. 1, cat. no. 4)
tin- diameter of the siphuncle is 9.5 mm. where that of the shell is 25 mm; and 11 mm.
where that of the shell is 31 mm. the rate of tapering being about 1 in 20 to 1 in 22.
Septa regularly concave, their depth at the center being equal to 1 \ or 1 f camera, and
their distance apart about 3 mm. or somewhat more, where the shell is about 30 mm. in
diameter. Camera? mostly filled with stereoplasm which often has the appearance as if it
were deposited on both sides of the septum (See Plate VIII, figs. 2, cat. no. 27). I have,
however not been able to satisfy myself that this is actually the case. Instead it would
appear that the septa are more or less undulating, partly so away from the siphuncle, but
more usually near it, where there is sometimes a marked annular depression of the
septum, so that it comes to lie almost opposite the ambital portion of the nummulus. In
other cameras again this depression is not seen, and sometimes in section one side
appears regular while the other shifts backwards. Commonly the stereoplasm fills the
camera almost or quite to the siphuncle and completely to the next succeeding septum.
In other cases however, where the septa maintain their normal position, the stereoplasm
stops before reaching the siphuncle, leaving a saucer-shaped depression around the
nummulus as in A. tani.
The specimens on which this description is based, agree in all essentials with the
photograph of a specimen collected by Samuel Couling M. A. near Ching Chow Fu,
Kiao-chow, province of Shantung, and figured by G. C. Crick (loc. cit.) on his Plate
XXII, fig. C. His specimen may have been larger than ours, for the scale is not
indicated, but the proportions are essentially the same, the siphuncle being 15.8 mm.
where the shell is 47 mm. and the septa. 3. 3 mm. apart. Crick compares his specimen
with A. tenuifilum Hall of the Black River beds of North America. In that species,
however, the siphuncle is proportionately broader (the proportions being about as 1 to 1.9,
whereas in the Chinese species, they are as 1 to 2.8). The septal interval is also greater,
being in the American species 7 to 7.5 mm. where the shell is 27 mm. wide, the propor-
tions of depth of camera to diameter being approximately as 1 to 6.5 instead of ranging
between 1 to 8 and 1 to 10, as in the Chinese species. In A. tenuifilum the septa are also
(i) 84 Palteontologia Sinica Ser. B
frequently displaced apicad and made to appear double by the development of pseudo-
septa, *
Crick describes a specimen from the Couling collection, apparently of this
species, which has a length of 95 mm., and a maximum width of 50 mm. tapering very
slowly, and with a siphuncle at that point about 24 mm. in diameter. He describes the
camera? as 11 mm. high, but that seems out of all proportion to the shell, (being as 1 to
4.5 as compared with 1 to 8 or 1 to 10 in the typical forms) and would argue a rapid
elongation of the chambers with the growth in length of the shell.
HORIZON AND LOCALITY : This species has been obtained from the Machiakou
(Actinoceras) limestone of Hsi-Hsien, province of Honan, (L. C. Taun), from Machia-
kou, Luan Hsien, Chihli province (H. C. T'an), and. from Lincheng, Shantung province
(F. F. Mathieu). The specimen collected by Samuel Couling, came from Ching Chow
Fu, Kiaochow, Shantung. Yabe (loc. cit. Plate XIX, fig. 9) figures a specimen of
Actinoceras from No-lu-ping Hu-ch'i, Hsing-shan-Hsien, province of Hupeh, which may
belong to this species, though the specimen is in a very imperfect condition. The other
specimen figured by Yabe (Plate XVIII, fig. 12) from Pan-tse-ya, same district and
province does not belong here, the septal interval being proportionately much greater
than is normal for this species, while the siphuncle is submarginal.
The specific name is given in honor of Samuel Couling, A. M. Editor of the
China Review, Shanghai, who first brought to the notice of scientific men the occurrence
of the genus Actinoceras in the Ordovician rocks of China, and to whom the Survey is
indebted for courtesies in connection with these studies.
Actinoceras suanpanoides Grabau (sp. nov.)
Plate VIII, figs. 3a, ft. 4n, ft; Plate IX, figs, la, ft.
•
Shell slender, tapering at the rate of about 1 in 5.5; section apparently oval, with
a slight flattening on the ventral side. Siphuncle excentric nearest the flattened side,
from which it is separated by a distance equal to about half its diameter. In the early
stages the siphuncle occupies more than half the diameter of the shell (§ in some cases?)
but later the proportional diameter is not much over one-third that of the shell. The
nummuli are somewhat flatter on the forward as compared with the posterior end and the
» See the figure of the American species reproduced in Graban and Shinier; North American Index Fossils
Vol. II p. 116; fig. 1351.
Vol I. Grabau—Ordoi'ician Foxsils from North China (i) 85
ondosiphuncle seems to be obliterated by filling. Camera? fairly uniform, their length
averaging perhaps 3.5 mm. where the shell has a diameter of 15 mm.; nor do they
materially increase with the increase in the shell diameter to 20 mm. Their concavity is
nearly equal to the depth of two chambers. Stereoplasmic filling of the camera) is
pronounced in the earlier part of the shell, but becomes less so in the later cameroe. For
the most part it is added to the anterior portions of the septa, but in some cases it
appears also to be added to their posterior surfaces, but this is very irregular and may be
a secondary deposit. The septa are sometimes undulating, in some cases bending back
nearly to the center of the nummulus of the preceeding camera. In some cases the
stereoplasm ends near the siphuncle in a saucer-like surface as in A. tani, while in other
cases it extends nearly or quite to the nummulus. In still other cases it is more weakly
developed in one part than in another of the same camera (see the section Plate
VIII, fig. 3).
Outer surface of shell unknown.
This species has the general form and character of A. tani, but the camera) are
about half again as long as in specimens of that species of the same diameter, and the
concavity of the septa is much greater. The Stereoplasmic filling is also more irregular in
the present species than in A. tani.
A fragment of a shell 8 cm. in length, and apparently of this species was obtained
from Wen-Nan, Mon-Yin-Hsien, Shantung. This is figured on Plate IX (figs. 1 a-b).
The rate of tapering is not ascertainable with accuracy because the shell is slightly
crushed on one side, but appears to have been about 1 in 7. At the lower end of the
fragment, where the diameter is about 19 mm, the siphuncle has a diameter of about 8.5
mm. whereas that of the sections figured is about 7 mm.
The distance from the ventral margin is 3.5 mm. that from the dorsal 7 mm.
Where the diameter of the shell is 24 mm., the distance of the siphuncle from the ventral
margin is still 3.5 mm. The average distance between the septa is 3.5 mm. The sutures
visible on the exterior of the inner mold, are somewhat undulating, extending forward
on the ventral side (the side to which the siphuncle is closest) in a gentle saddle, to the
extend of about 1 camera-length beyond the lateral and dorsal sides. In the earlier
portion, this saddle is less pronounced, its increase in length thus corresponding to the
proportional approach of the siphuncle to the ventral side. The concavity of the septa in
the larger portion of the fragment is equal to about the depth of two cieamer.
HORIZON AND LOCALITIES: In the Machiakou limestone of Tai-an, Shantung
province. Survey collection. A small specimen apparently representing the apical
portion of this species was obtained from Sen Chuang, Ning Yang, Shantung, and
(i) 86 Palseontologia Sinica Ser B.
another from Lincheng, Shantung (F. F. Mathieu), and a fairly well-preserved internal
septate mold from Wen Nan, Mon-yin-Hsien, Shantung (V. K. Ting).
The specific name is given in allusion to the Chinese calculating frame or
Suanp 'an (H $£) , to the elements of which, i. e. the single row of CM (5£) the siphuncle
of this species shows a marked resemblance.
Actinoceras submarginale Grabau (sp. nov.)
Plate VIII, figs. 5a, b; Plate IX, fig. 3.
Shell of medium size tapering at the rate of about 1 in 4, the siphuncle submar-
ginal and occupying about one-half the diameter of the shell or somewhat less, regularly
*
swelling between the septa, and constricted at the septal openings to about two-thirds its
width. Endosiphuncle large, its diameter about 3 mm. where that of the siphuncle is 15
mm. with deverticula extending into the nummuli. Mural pores not observed. The
section of the shell is apparently suboval while that of the siphuncle is circular. It is so
close to the shell on one side, that it appears almost to touch it, but the septa are
continuous around it, showing that the contact is not absolute. In form the siphuncle
tapers gently, the rate being approximately 1 in 19 in a characteristic specimen.
The septa range from 4 to 4. 7 mm. apart and are, as a rule moderately concave,
though in one specimen (Plate IX, fig. 3, cat. no. 56.) some of them exhibit rather
marked curvature, involving in some cases as much as the depth of two chambers. The
space between the septa ranges from 4 to 4.4 mm. in specimens of about thirty mm.
diameter. In a specimen sectioned so as to give the siphuncle a subcentran appearance,
although it is in reality close to the margin (Plate VIII, fig. 5a, 6) the septa are at first
rather flat-lying, and somewhat undulating, after which, near the margin, they bend
strongly forward (upward). In this respect the two specimens figured show a marked
contrast, but it must be remembered that they show the shell in sections practically at
right angles to each other.
The stereoplasm is variable. In one specimen (fig. 5) it fills the greater part of
the cameras leaving only a narrow space beneath the next septum. The filling extends
to the siphuncle and makes the entire shell a very solid and compact mass. In another
specimen (fig. 3) the filling is comparatively slight, and the septa hence have weathered
out in relief from the section and were readily broken away.
Vol I, Grabau — Ordovician Fossils from North China (i) 87
Sections of this species made so as to give the appearance of a centran siphuncle
(Plate VIII, fig. 5a) might be taken for A. richthqfeni. They can however be readily
distinguished by the slight depth of the camene. In a transverse section of course, the
subcircular outline and submarginal position of the siphuncle readily distinguish this
species.
HORIZON AND LOCALITIES: This species has been obtained from the Machiakou
limestone of the Kaiping basin in eastern Chihli province. It has been found at
Tangshan and more doubtfully at Machiakou (Survey expedition). A natural section,
apparently of this species, has also been obtained from the same horizon at Wen-Nan,
Mon-Yin-Hsien, Shantung (V. K. Ting coll. ).
Actinoceras nanum Grabau (sp. nov.)
Plate VII, fig. 8; Plate IX, fig. 2.
Shell slender, the longest specimen observed being about 70 mm. in length and
10 mm. in diameter at the basal end. It tapers at the rate of about 1 in 4. A second
specimen (Plate IX, fig. 2) about 45 mm. long, has a basal diameter of 6.5 mm. and
tapers at the rate of 1 in 5.75. A third specimen (Plate VII, fig. 8), the most perfectly
preserved, has a length of about 18 mm., its basal diameter is 6 mm. and its rate of
tapering 1 in 4.
*
Siphuncle centran, small, the greatest diameter of the nummuli being 2.1 mm.
where that of the shell is 9.4 mm. ; strongly nummuloidal, contracting at the septa to a
diameter of 0.7 mm. Endosiphuncle subcylindrical, about O.G mm. in diameter.
Septa gently concave. In the best preserved specimen they are 1.3 mm. apart
where the diameter of the shell is 10 mm. and practically the same where the shell
diameter is 8.5 mm. In another specimen, (Plate IX, fig. 2) the septal interval is
1.6 mm. where the shell diameter is 10 mm. and that of the nummuli about 2 mm.
Stereoplasm slightly developed or almost absent. When present, as in fig. 8
Plate VII, it is thickest near the siphuncle, but thins away rapidly before reaching this.
This species is readily recognized by its tapering to a very narrow end which is 6
mm. or less, a diameter found in no other species in these rocks; by the very approxi-
mate septa (from 1.3 to l.G mm. where the shell is 10 mm. in diameter); and by the
minute centran siphuncle, which is smaller than that of any other species known from
these rocks.
(i) 88 Palseontologia Sinica Ser. B
HORIZON AND LOCALITY: This species has so far been found only in the Machia-
kou limestone of Tangshan in the Kaiping basin, eastern Chihli. It is less common than
some of the other species.
Actinoceras curvatum Grabau (sp. nov.)
Plate VIII, fig. 6.
Shell gently curved, with large siphuncle close to the convex side, though not in
contact with the shell. The diameter of the siphuncular elements or nummuli, in the
only known specimen, is 12 mm. and their length 2.4 mm. giving a proportion of 1 to 5.
They are moderately contracted at the septal crossing so that their narrowed portion is
about 8 mm. in diameter. Diverticula from the endosiphuncle (the latter not exposed in
the sepcimen) extend nearly to the outermost margin of the nummulus where there
appear to be rather widely-spaced mural pores, which are, however, not well shown
except now and then in one or another of the nummuli.
There is some variation in the length of the individual nummuli, but no
appreciable change throughout the part of the shell shown, which is about 80 mm. long.
The average length of the nummuli remains the same so far as exposed, but the diameter
apparently decreases somewhat apicad, but this can not be determined with certainty.
The width of the shell cannot be ascertained but judging from the septa preserved, it
could not be less than 20 mm. in the lower part, and probably was 25 mm. The septa
are strongly oblique towards the siphuncular side. If the curvature was regular, with a
shell width of 25 mm., the depth of the septa was equal to that of two camera?.
While the septal distance in the upper part of the shell was presumably that of
the nummuli-length, or 2.4 mm. on the average, it was somewhat greater in the earlier
part of the shell, where the septa are preserved. There the average is 2.7 mm., some of
the septa being separated by as much as 3 mm.
Stereoplasmic thickening of the septa is moderate, being confined to the upper
surface of the septum and occupying one-half of the septal interspace or less. It is
irregular, swelling in some parts, and thinning away in others. It seems to be least
developed on the inner or concave side. It was apparently bounded above by a
pseudoseptum.
HORIZON AND LOCALITY: A single imperfect specimen has been obtained by Dr.
F. F. Mathieu from the Machiakou limestone of Lincheng, province of Shantung.
Though imperfect, it is thought worthy of description, as it is the only curved Actinoceras
Vol 1- Grabau—Ordovician Fossils from North China (i) 89
known from these rocks. The species is placed in the genus Actinoceras rather than
Cyrtactinoceras, because of its slight curvature, moderate tapering, and large actinoceran
siphuncle. Another smaller specimen with narrower siyhuncle (9 mm. where shell is 15
mm. M'ide), but otherwise similar, and also showing slight curvature, has been obtained
from the same horizon, south of Wen-Nan, Mon-Yin-Hsien, Shantung. (V. K. Ting
coll. )
Genus CYRTACTINOCERAS Hyatt.
This genus, founded by Hyatt, with Cyrtoceras rebelk Barrande as the genotype,
was more fully defined by Ruedemann (N. Y. State Museum Bull. 90, 1906, p. 488), who
referred to it two species from the Chazy limestone (Middle Ordovician) of the Lake
Champlain region in eastern North America. They are rather short and stout cyrtocera-
cones with highly nummuloidal siphuncle, characterized as in Actinoceras, by stereoplasm
which is arranged as obstruction rings or "rosettes" around the septal necks. The
camera too are rilled with stereoplasm, this being very extensive in one of the Chazy
species. In the type of the genus, the section is depressed, the septa rather closely
arranged, the siphuncle moderately nummuloidal shrinking somewhat in old age, and
filled in the middle stages with rosettes. It is near the convex side of the conch, but
somewhat variable in position, approaching the center again in old age (Ruedemann).
From curved forms of Actinoceras the species of this genus may be distinguished
by their rapid enlargement, this producing relatively short stout shells. The siphuncle of
the curved Actinoceras species is also much larger in proportion than is that of Cyrt-
actinoceras.
Cyrtactinoceras frechi Grabau (sp. nov.)
Plate VIII, figs. 7 - 10.
Shell a comparatively small breviconic cyrtoceracone of subcircular or somewhat
oval section and gentle curvature, the shorter of the two transverse axes in the plane of cur-
vature. The shell tapers at the rate of 1. in 2.5 in the early stage, having a transverse
diameter of 10mm. at the second septum, below which it is rounded off acutely. Seven-
teen millimeters above the second septum it has a transverse diameter of 18 mm. while the
(i) 90 Palasontoloyia Sinica Ser. I>
shorter axis measures 15 mm. At this point the siphuncle is situated about 4 mm. from
the convex side and has a diameter of 4.5 mm. being approximately circular in section.
The increase of the shorter axis in another specimen (Plate VIII, fig. 7 cat. no. 2) is from
9 mm. to 13 mm. in the space of 17 mm. giving a rate of tapering of 1 in 4.25. In this
specimen the siphuncle has a diameter of about 4 mm. at the lower end, not changing
appreciably throughout. Its distance from the outer margin of the upper end of the
specimen is about 4 mm. but it is only about 2 or 2.5 mm. from this margin at the lower
end. In a specimen from Chaokouchuang (Plate VIII, fig. 8) with a shorter diameter of
about 10 mm. at the base, the siphuncle is 2 mm. from the outside and has a diameter of
3 mm. or a little more. The transverse diameter here is about 11.5 mm. Fourteen
millimeters higher, these diameters are 12 and 15 mm. respectively, giving rates of
tapering of 1 in 7 and 1 in 4 respectively. In a- sectioned specimen from Shantung
(Plate VIII, fig. 10) the diameter of the siphuncle is 4 mm. where that of the shell is 15
mm., and it is 2.5 mm. from the convex side. In form it is strongly nummuloidal and
filled with stereoplasm deposited in rosette form as in Actinocems. There is a narrow
subcentral endosiphuncle.
•
Septa from 2.6 to 2.75 mm. apart, of moderate curvature, and with comparatively
little stereoplasm in the camera;, this being most extensively developed on the convex
side.
This species differs from the American Middle Ordovician (Chazy) species mainly
in its excentric siphuncle, and longer camene in the young. It has much less stereoplas-
mic deposit in the chambers than has C. champlainense Ruedemann, and it curves less
than does C. boycii Whitfield. A short section of the shell might easily be mistaken for
a small species of Actinoceras.
HORIZON AND LOCALITIES: In the Machiakou limestone of early upper Ordovician
(Black River) age at Tangshan, Machiakou, and Chaokouchuang, all in the Kaiping
basin of eastern Chihli province, (Collections: T. C. Wang, H. C. T'an and Y. C. Sun
respectively). Also from Chingchuang, Ning-yang district, Shantung province (coll. V.
K. Ting).
The specific name is given in memory of the late Dr. Fritz Freeh of Breslau
Germany, to whom we owe the fifth volume of Richthofen's great work on China, and
whose labors have done so much towards increasing our knowledge of the invertebrate
fossils of China.
Vol I. Grabau— Ordovician Fossils from North China (i) 91
Genus GONIOCERAS Hall
The presence of the genus Gonioceras in the Ordovician rocks of north China
was first suggested by G. C. Crick* in his discussion of the fossils collected by Mr.
Samuel Couling, M.A., Editor of the China Review, south of Tsing-tshou-fu (Ching-
Chow-Fu) in Shantung. In his plate (fig. B) Crick gives a photographic reproduction
of one of the specimens which, if natural size, (the scale is not given) shows an
actinoceran shell with apparently empty camera 2.2 mm. long, and a strongly nummu-
loidal siphuncle, the nummuli of which are 15.5 mm. in diameter. He further refers to a
rubbing of another specimen, "about 25 centimeters long, displayed in section on the
surface of a slab". Commenting on these specimens, he says "although the relative
proportions' of the parts of the shell, the relatively wide siphuncle and the very shallow
chambers, agree fairly well with those of Actinoceras imbricatum Hisinger, sp. from the
Silurian (Upper Ludlow) of the Island of Gotland, Sweden, it seems scarcely likely that
an example of this species could be so worn down as to expose the siphuncle for a length
of 25 centimerers ".*' Crick therefore refers his specimen to the genus Gonioceras Hall.
I must confess that the evidence has seemed to me inconclusive, as the specimen
might have been an Actinoceras with the siphuncle near one side. Nor is the photograph-
ic reproduction given by Crick entirely satisfying, as it leaves many of the characters of
the specimen in an indeterminable state, especially the nature of the camene. A
specimen in the Survey collection showing a similarly wide siphuncle and short camerae,
appeared to be related to the form described by Crick, but this too I was at first disposed
to refer to Actinoceras, as aside from the proportions, it seemed to show no very decisive
characters differentiating it from other species of that genus which occur in these rocks,
except the empty camera}, a feature not found in any other species of Actinoceras in the
Ordovician rocks of China. This led to a more careful study of the specimen, with the
result that several of the septa were found to show the true Gonioceras curvatures. This
settles the question as to the presence of the genus Gonioceras in the Ordovician of north
China, and it lends a strong measure of probability to the correctness of the interpretation
suggested by Crick, and to him must be given the credit for the discovery of this unique
organism in China, a discovery of very great importance, as already pointed out by
Ruedemann. For, as this genus is otherwise only known in the Chazy, Black River and
early Trenton of eastern and central North America, extending to the base of the Stones
River group in Tennessee, it places beyond the question of a doubt the former intimate
* Geol. Mag. Dec. IV. Vol. X. pp. 483-484 pi. XXII, 1903.
*» loc. cit. p. 483.
(]) 92 Palaeontologia Sinica Ser. B
marine connection of these two districts, a connection which nearly all of the other fossils
so far obtained from the highest Ordovician rocks of north China have persistently
pointed to.*
The specimen of Gonioceras described below, came from Seng Chuang in Ning-
Yang, province of Shantung, about 190 km. (315 li) southwest of the locality where Mr.
Couling's specimens (described by Crick) were found. So far then this genus is only
known from Shantung but its discovery in Chihli province may now be looked forward
to with confidence.
Gonioceras shantungense Grabau (sp. nov.)
Plate VIII, figs, lla, b.
cf. Gonioceras sp. Crick. Geological Magazine, New Series Dec. IV. Vol. X. pi. XXII, fig.
B, 1903.
Form of shell unknown, but apparently of the usual expanded and thin character
of the genus. Siphuncle probably excentric, but the exact position in the shell not
known, the only specimen in our possession having apparently been worn before
embedding. The siphuncular elements (the nummuli) are apparently uniform or
enlarge only very slightly forward. They are 11.5 mm. in greatest diameter in the
section shown, which is probably cut a short distance beyond the central plane, no
evidence of an endosiphuncle appearing. From the fact that the transverse section shows
only about 4 mm. of thickness for the siphuncle, it would appear that, provided it was
circular, its diameter was originally about 13 mm. The stereoplasmic filling is distinctly
actinoceran consisting of rosettes of obstruction rings at the septal necks. At this point
the siphuncle contracts to 7.5 mm.
The septa average 2.4 mm. apart, and the camera} are without stereoplasmic
filling except for a very slight thickening at the points where they become free from the
* I may add that my reticence in accepting as conclusive the argument for the occurrence of this genus in the
Chinese rocks, was to a large extent influenced by my hope of finding just such satisfactory evidence of the former
intimate connection of northern China and eastern North America, as this occurrence affords, for as the study of the
Chinese material progressed, this connection became more and more evident. Still I was loth to accept any but the most
conclusive evidence, and the discovery of an undoubted specimen of Gonioceras, coming as it did towards the close of these
studies, affords therefore unparalleled satisfaction. I may further note, that a specimen of Columnar/a, which I am unable
to distinguish from the common C. halli of the American Black River beds has come into my hands. This specimen,
found in the collection of Yenching college (Peking) is said to have come from the hills of eastern Szechuan, north of the
Yangtse, and west of the southernmost locality (in Hupeh) in which Actinoceran has been found. As long however as the
shadow of a possibility remains, that in the vicissitudes which a student collection suffers, an American specimen might
have been substituted for the original specimen from central China, I am unwilling to include it in this memoir. A further
note regarding it will, however, be published in the Bulletin of the Survey.
Vol I. Grabau — Ordovician Fotsils from North China (i) 93
sipbuncle. Most of the septa are broken off a short distance beyond the siphuncle, but
near the base of the section a few of them are found to continue outward, and although
they are somewhat broken they show the undoubted rather sharp return curve, so
characteristic of this genus. This is shown in the illustration.
In its general form and character this species comes nearer to Gonioceras chaziense
Ruedemann* from the middle Chazy limestone of Chazy N.Y. on Lake Champlain (U.
S. A.) then to either of the other two known species from the higher rocks. The
siphuncle of the Chazy species is however only 7 mm. in diameter while the distance
between the septa averages 2 mm. The greatest width of that shell is a little over 70
mm. that of our species can not be ascertained. In the Chazy species each septum rises
within the body of the conch to the height of five cameras, before it forms the character-
istic return curve. In our species this character is much less pronounced, the septum
scarcely rising to the height of one and a half camera, and the angle of recurvature is
rather charp, while beyond it the septum continues with a gentle forward concavity. It
is at or near the angle of recurvature, that most of the septa are broken away.
HORIZON AND LOCALITY: The single known specimen came from Seng Chuang,
(Shen Tsun) Ning-Yang, province of Shantung, where it was collected by Dr. V. K.
Ting. The specimens described by Crick, which may belong to this species (though the
fact that one of his specimens was 25 cm. in length, makes this doubtful) were collected
by Mr. Samuel Couling near Chingchow Fu, Kiaochow, also in the province of Shantung.
Class CRUSTACEA Lamarck
Sub-Class TRILOBITA Waich
Order Opisthoparia Beecher
Family ASAPHIDyE Burmeister
Genus ASAPHUS Brongniart
Asaphus boehmi Lorenz
Plate I, figs. 8, 9.
1906 Asdrfius boehmi Lorenz. Beitrage zur Geologic und Palseontologie von Ostasien, II. p'
84, pi. XVII, figs. 4, 5a, 5b.
» N. Y. State Museum Bulletin No. 90 p. 494 plate 36 figs. 3 and 4.
(i) 94 Palseontologia Sinica Ser. B
Original Description :
' Wir haben hier zweifellos einen echten Asaphus und zwar die engere Gattung
Asaphus vor uns, deren Grenzen Fr. Schmidt * umschrieben hat. Die Unterabteilungen
Salters** konnten keine passende Anwendung finden. "
"Kopfschild ist nur in einem Exemplar vertreten. Glabella nach vorn birnen-
formig verbreitert. An Furchen ist nur eine sehr tiefe und breite Basalfurche an der
hinteren Glabella vorhanden. Hinter der tiefen Basalfurche ist eine schmale, flache
Occipitalfurche entwickelt. Der zwischen den beiden Furchen gelegene Rand tragt einen
kleinen Hocker. Die Augen liegen weit hinten. Durch den charakteristischen Verlauf
der Gesichtsnaht bekommen die Wangen das Aussehen von zwei flugelartigen Lappen,
die hinten zu beiden Seiten der Glabella liegen. Die Gesichtsnahte laufen scheinbar vor
der Glabella zusammen. Das Pygidium ist in seiner Gesamtform parabolisch. Ein
breiter Randsaum bildet die Umrandung. Die Segmentierung ist zahlreich, aber schwer
sichtbar. Auf den Seitenteilen sind die Pleuren mit unbewaffnetem Auge kaum zu
erkennen. Die Rachis hat eine charakteristische Form. In ihrem hinteren Verlauf
gleichmassig schmal, verbreitert sie sich unvermittelt nach vorn. Die Schale ist geadert.
Diese Skulptur entspricht wohl den Terrassenlinien von Fr. Schmidt.
" Ich nenne diese Art nach meinem friiheren Lehrer, Herrn Prof. Dr. Georg
Bohm an der Universitat zu Freiburg i./Br.
"Ich sammelte diese Fossilien in einem gelblichen mergligen Kalkschiefer hart
am Wege etwas unter dem Gipfel des Hoschan. Das Alter der Schichten ergibt sich
durch das Auftreten obiger Trilobitengattung als zweifellos untersilurisch.***
Two small fragmentary pygidia from Chaokouchuang are referable to this species.
The axis is strongly elevated and broadens rather rapidly in the anterior portion ; the
sides are concave. The anterior ring is narrow and continued as a distinct but narrow
ridge along the anterior border of the limb on either side of the axis. The other axial
rings, of which 5 are partly preserved on one specimen, are about twice as wide as the
first, separated by narrow and shallow transverse furrows, their shallowness making the
annulation of the axis scarcely visible except in certain positions. Lateral furrows of axis
rather pronounced. Limb smooth except for the anterior bounding ridge; doublure of
margin rather broad, marked by irregular longitudinal lines. Entire surface of pygidium
finely punctate.
» 1898. Mem. de 1'acad. imp. des sciences St. Petersbourg. Classe phys.-math. (8) vol. VI.
»« A Monograph of the British Trilobites, 1864-1883 p. 14(5-149.
*** Lorenz: loc. cit.
Vol L
Grabau — Ordovician Fossils from North China
(i) 95
Measurements: The following are the measurements of the pygidia described and
of that figured by Lorenz.
Chihli
Specimens described
Shantung
Lorenz type
a
b
c
Anterior width
of pygidium 12.5 mm.
12. mm.
16. mm.
Width of axis at anterior end 3.3 ,,
3.5 „
5. „
Greatest length
of pygidium ?8. ,,
8. „
11.5 „
Length of axis
?6. „
7. „
8. „
HORIZON AND LOCALITY : In the Machiakou limestone of Chaokouchuang in the
Kaiping basin, Chihli province (Survey expedition coll.)- Lorenz 's type came from
essentially the same horizon near the summit of the Hoshan in Shantung.
Asaphus sp.
There is at least one other species of Asaphus (or Isotelus?) in the collections from
the Kaiping basin, but the material is too fragmentary for description. It indicates,
however, a much larger species than A. boehmi. Asaphus? of an indeterminate species has
also been recorded by Weller in these rocks near Tsai-Kia-Chuang in Shantung. Other
species are found in south China, but these are excluded from the present discussion.
(i) 96 Palasontologia Sinica Ser. B
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
BARRANDE, J. Systerne Silurien du centre de la Boheme. Praha.
BIEDERMANN, W. 1901. Untersuchungen iiber -Bau und Entstehung der Molluskenscha-
len. Jenaische Zeitschrift fur Naturwissenschaft. Bd. 36, pp. 1-164, Taf. I- VI.
BILLINGS, E. 1865. Palaeozoic Fossils, Vol. I, Geological Survey of Canada.
BROWN, J. COGGIN. 1913. Contributions to the Geology of the province of Yunnan in
western China, III. Notes on the Stratigraphy of the Ordovician and Silurian
beds of western Yunnan. Records Geological Survey of India Vol. XLIII pt. 4,
pp. 327-334.
CLARKE, JOHN M. 1897. The Lower Silurian Cephalopoda of Minnesota. Minnesota
Geological Survey. Palaeontology. Pt. II, pp. 761-812 plates 48-54.
CRICK, G. R. 1903. Notes on some specimens of straight-shelled Nautiloidea collected
by the Rev. Samuel Couling, M.A. Ching-Chow-Fu, Kiaochow, North China.
Geological Magazine, New Series, Decade IV. Vol. X. pp. 481-485, pi. XXII.
DAVIDSON, THOMAS. 1865-1870. British Silurian Brachiopoda. Palaeontographical So-
ciety. Monographs vols. XIX, XX, XXII, XXIV.
FORD, ARTHUR H. 1888. Catalogue of the Fossil Cephalopoda in the British Museum.
Part I Nautiloidea.. London.
FRECH, F. 1895. Ueber Palseozoische Faunen aus Asien und North Afrika. Neues
Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie Geologic und Palaontologie, 1895, Bd. II.*
FRECH, F. 1911. Das Silur von China. In Richthofen, China. Vol. V, pp. 1-17,
plates I-IV.
GRABAU, A. W. & SHIMER, H. W. 1909. North American Index Fossils, Invertebrates.
Vol. I. (Protozoa to Gastropoda), New- York. ?
GRABAU, A. W. & SHIMER, H. W. 1910. Ibid. Vol. II (Conularida to Echinoidea).
New York.
GRABAU, A. W. 1916. Comparison of American and European Lower Ordovicic. For-
mations. Bulletin Geological Society of America. Vol. 27, pp. 555-622.
HALL, J. 1847. Palaeontology of New York. Vol. I. New York State Geological
Survey.
'HiNDE, J. G. 1889. On Archa'ocyathus, (etc.) from Cambrian Strata of North America,
Spain, Sardinia, and Scotland. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of
London, Vol. XLV, pp. 125-148, pi. V.
* Not seen.
Vol I. Grabau — Ordovician Fossils from North China (l) 97
KAYSER, E. 1883. Mittel- und Obersilurische Versteinerungen aus dem Gebirgsland
von Tshau-Tien (China). In Richthofen China Vol. IV. article 3. pp. 37-49,
plates III & IV.
LORENZ, TH. 1906. Beitrage zur Geologie und Pakeontologie von Ostasien, unter beson-
derer Benicksichtigung der Provinz Schantung in China. II Palaeontologischer
Teil, mit 3 Tafeln u. 55 Figuren im Text. (pp. 53-108 pis. IV- VI). Aus
Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft. 1906.
MANSUY, H. 1912. Pale"ontologie, in Etude Ge"ologique du Yun-nan Oriental par J.
Deprat et H. Mansuy, 2e Partie. Memoirs du Service G6ologique de 1'Indo-
chine. Volume I. Fascicule II, Hanoi-Haiphong, 1912.
MARTELLI, 1901. Fossili del Siluriano inferiore dello Schensi. Bolletin della Soc. Geol.
Ital. 1901.*
PELLIZZARI, 1913. Fossili Palseozoici antichi dello Scensi (Cina). Rivista Italiana di
Paleontologia. Vol. XIX. 1913.*
RICHTHOFEN, F. VON. 1883.1911. China. Vols. IV & V. Berlin.
ROEMER, FERDINAND. 1876. Lethsea geognostica, oder Beschreibung und Abbildung der
fur die Gebirgs-Formationen bezeichnendsten Versteinerungen, I Theil, Lethaea
palseozoica, plates.
ROEMER, F. & FRECH. F. 1880-1897 ibid. Text.
RUEDEMANN, R. 1904. Structure of some primitive cephalopods. Annual Report New
York State Palaeontologist 1903. N.Y. State Museum Bulletin 80, pp. 296-384.
Pis. 6-13.
RUEDEMANN, R. 1906. Cephalopoda of the Beekmantown and Chazy Formations of the
Champlain Basin. New York State Museum. Bulletin 90, pp. 393-605, 38
plates.
STEINMANN, G., 1889. Ueber Schalen- und Kalksteinbildung. Bericht der Naturfor-
schenden Gesellschaft zu Freiburg. Vol. 4.
STEMPELL, WALTER, 1900. Ueder die Bildungsweise und das Wachstum der Muschel-
und Schneckenschalen. Biologisches Centralblatt, Band XX, pp. 595-606; 637-
644; 665-680; 698-703; and 731-741. (With extensive literature references.)
TAYLOR, T. GRIFFITH. 1910. The Archseocyathinte from the Cambrian of South Austra-
lia, with an account of the morphology and affinities of the whole class. Memoirs
of the Royal Society of South Australia. Vol. II, pt. 2, pp. 1-188, 16 plates &
text figures. Adelaide.
* Not seen.
(i) 98 Palseontologia Sinica Ser. B
ULRICH, E. O. & SCOFIELD. 1908. The Lower Silurian Gastropoda of Minnesota. Min-
nesota Geological Survey, Palaeontology Part. II.
VERNEUIL, E. DE. 1845. Palaeontologie (of Russia) in Murchison, de Verneuil and
Kayserling, Geology of Russia. Vol. II.
WELLER, STUART. 1913. A report on Ordovician Fossils collected in Eastern Asia in
1903-04. In Willis, Research in China, Vol. Ill, pp. 279-294. plates 25, 26.
WINCHELL, N. H. & SCHUCHERT CHARLES. 1893. The Lower Silurian Brachiopoda of
Minnesota. Minnesota Geological Survey. Palaeontology, Part III. No. 1.
YABE, H. & HAYASAKA, I. 1920. Palaeontology of Southern China. Geographical Re-
search in China 1911-1916, Reports, pp. 1-221. Atlas of 28 plates. Tokyo Geo-
graphical Society.
\'ol I. Qrabau— Ordovician Fossils from North China (i) 00
List of Chinese Localities referred to, arranged Alphabetically under Provinces.
(See Map Fig. 20.)
Chihli H[ &
Chao Kou Chuang ffi & &
Ching Hsing # fg
Huo Lu If jft
Ku Shan & OJ
Liang Chin Shan fS %. l\l
Ma Chia Kou J!5 $ j$
Pei Lin Tze ft tt f
Shih T'ou Chiang 5 93 ft
Tang Shan W lU
Yeh Li & M
Manchuria ^ H ^
Hsiau Sorr /h rfi
Shantung LU Ifc
Chang Ching M *f
Ching Chow Fu W JH ^f
Ching Chuang ^ tf
Ho Slian 4^ llj
Lin Ch'eng Ki jft
Mon Yin m m
Ning Yang g H
Shen Tsun (Seng Chuang) '2t M
Tai An $ #
Tsai Kia Chuang ^ ^ AE
\\7-n Nan « ^
Honan fflf ]^
She Hsim & m
Hupeh ^ ;Jb
Using Shan Hsien ft llj f|
Hu Chi ^ 8?
No Lu Ping
Pan Tze Ya ffi T' S5
(i) 100
Palteontologia Sinica
Ser B.
— — — -Boundaries of Provinces o Railroads and Stations •••—
• Ordovician Localities o Other important Cities
Great Wall
to tfo
Scale of Miles
Fig. 20. Map of North-eastern China, showing the localities where Ordovician fossils have lieen found.
(See the list on the preceding page.)
EXPLANATION OF
PLATE I
(i) 101
PLATE I.
Lower Ordorician Anthozoa, (1-3) and Cephalopoda (10); Pcilintze Limestone. l']>i><i'
Ordovlcian Braehiopoda Pelccypoda and Trilobita; Machiakou Limestone.
Drawings by K. C. Liu (:£|[}|6Jt) Photographs by T. I. Loo IJj|Mi?£)
Fig. 1. AKhxocyathus chihliense. Grabau p. 12
la. Mold of part of interior of caliculum with weathered section near the upper edge
of the caliculum. Natural size.
Ib. Photograph of partial section of caliculum 50 mm. below preceding; nearly natural
size. The right and left sides are reversed with reference to fig. la. Lower
Ordovician Peilintze limestone, Shih-Mun-Chai, Chihli. (Coll. F. F. Mathieu,
Cotype G. S. Ch. Cat. No. 75).
Fig. 2. Archie.oci/athiis chihliense Grabau p. 12
Photograph of polished section of a compressed caliculum same horizon and locality.
Natural size. (Cotype Coll. F. F. Mathieu, G. S. Ch. Cat. No. 76).
Fig. 3. Arehirocyathus ehihliense Grabau p. 12
3a. Photograph of thin section of a nearly circular caliculum. Natural size.
3b. A small portion photographically enlarged X 10; same horizon and locality.
(Cotype Coll. F. F. Mathieu, G. S. Ch. Cat. No. 98).
Fig. 4. Orthi* eaUigramma var. orthambonitca von Buch (de Verneuil) p. !•">
4a brachial-,4h pedicle-, 4c side-view of a small fragmentary specimen X 3; Machia-
kou limestone, Chao-Kou-Chuang, Chihli province. (G. S. Ch. Cat. No. 94) .
Fig. 5. Otihis eaUigramma var. orthambonites von Buch (de Verneuil) p. 1">
5a pedicle-, 5b brachial-,oc lateral-, 5d frontal-views of a larger, somewhat distorted
and more nearly complete specimen. X 2. (In 4d the upper valve is the brac-hial,
which appears as the deeper of the two because of the position in which the
specimen is drawn). Same horizon and locality. (G. S. Ch. Cat. No. 93).
Fig. 6. Strophomcna cf. inntrrata (Shepard) p. 17
Part of pedicle valve, with outline restored X 3.
Upper Ordovician, Machiakou limestone, Chao-Kou-Chuang. (G. S. Ch. Cat.
No. 109) .
Fig. 7. Ctenodonta symmetrica Grabau p. I-1
Interior view of a right valve, showing the hinge linf, (with the teeth somewhat
too clearly represented), the muscular scars and anterior muscular ridge The
ventral margin is imperfect. Enlarged twice. Machiakou limestone, Tangshan,
Chihli. (Holotype G. B. Barbour Coll. G. S. Ch. Cat. No. 51) .
Fig. 8. Asaphns bcrhmi Lorenz p. 93
An imperfect pygidium, enlarged X 2. showing broad ringed axis, and concave
marginal rim. Machiakou limestone, Chao-Kou-Chuang, Chihli. (G. S. Ch. Cat.
No. 92) .
Fig. 9. Asplm* btrhnti Lorenz p. •'"
Another pygidium from the same horizon and locality as the preceding but
exfoliated, showing narrow axis, X 2. (G. S. Ch. Cat. No. 110).
Fig. 10. Chihlioreras nathani Grabau p. 48
Apertural view of the siphuncle shown in the right hand figure of Plate V. to show
the main and lateral alveoli. The specimen is slightly crushed, and is weathered.
Lower Ordovician Peilintze limestone. Shih-Mun-Chai region, Chihli. (G. S. Ch.
Cat. No. 111).
— 102 -
PAL>EONTOLOGIA SlNICA
Grabau: Ordovician Fossils of N. China
Pl.I.
* W
• t ••
*• " t • • »
**vw "% v:
EXPLANATION OF
PLATE II
(i) 103
PLATE IF.
Ordovician Gastropoda and Cephalopoda (11-13); Lower Ordovician: Peilintze and Liang-
chiashan Limestones; Upper Ordovician: Machiakou Limestone.
Drawings by K. C. Liu ($$%%&)
Fig. 1. Ophileta pi ana Grabau p. 20
Adult specimen, natural size, embedded in rock (which is not fully represented).
The surface is weathered. Liangchiashan limestone (Lower Ordovician) Liang-
Chia-Shan, Chihli, Coll. F. F. Mathieu. (Cotype G. S. Ch. Cat. No. 84).
Fig. 2. Ophileta plana Grabau p. 20
Young shell, top (2a) and side (2b) views. Natural size. The surface sculpture is
only apparent, and due to weathering. Liangchiashan limestone (Lower Ordovic-
ian) Liang-Chia-Sban, Chihli. Coll. F. F. Mathieu. (Cotype G. S. Ch. Cat.
No. 83).
Fig. 3. Ophileta squamosa Grabau p. 22
3a Top view of a small specimen with lax final whorl, enlarged twice. 3b side view
of the same, X 2, Peilintze limestone, Pei-Lin-Tze, Shih-Mun-Chai, Chihli. Coll.
F. F. Mathieu. (Cotype G. S. Ch. Cat. No. 86) .
Fig. 4. Ophileta squatnosa Grabau p. 22
Umbilical view of a fragment of the whorls of a young specimen )( 2. Peilintze
limestone, Pei-Lin-Tze, Cliihli. Coll. F. F. Mathieu. (Cotype G. S. Ch. Cat,
No. 85).
Fig. 5. Ophileta squamosa Grabau p. 22
Natural section of an adult specimen, natural size. Peilintze limestone, Pei-Lin-Tze,
Chihli. Coll. F. F. Mathieu. (Cotype G. S. Ch. Cat. No. 95).
Fig. IJ. Ophileta squamosa Grabau » p. 22
A much weathered section of an adult specimen. Natural size. Peilintze limestone,
Pei-Lin-Tze, Chihli, Coll. F. F. Mathieu. (Cotype G. S. Ch. Cat, No. 89).
Fig. 7. Ecci/lioptcrus kushanensis Grabau p. 23
7a Summit view of the holotype natural size. 7b Umbilical view of the same, natural
size. 7c Cross-section of the shell to show form of whorls and degree of embracing.
Machiakou limestone, Ku-Shan, Hwo-Luh-Hsien, Chihli. (Holotype G. S. Ch.
Cat. No. 96).
Fig. 8. Eceytioptents sinensis (Freeh) p. 23
8a-c. Summit, lateral and umbilical views of a characteristic specimen from
Nei-Ya-Shan , near Ichang, Hupeh, South China. (For comparison with E.
kushanensis.) Sd section of the same to show form of whorls and excessive embra-
cing. Middle? Ordovician. G. Langford Smith Coll. (G. S. Ch. Cat. No. 97).
Fig. 9. Kccyli'vmpJialus tangshanensis Grabau p. 24
Worn under surface of the partly exposed holotype. Natural size. Machiakou
limestone, Tang-Shan, Chihli. (Holotype G. S. Ch. Cat. No. 6).
Fig. 10. Salpingostonwi tcrrilli Grabau --P- 3->
a top, b side, and c anterior views of the type and only known specimen which is
crushed and partly broken. Natural size. (Holotype. G. S. Ch. Cat. No. 32).
Fig. II. Chihlioceras nathani Grabau P- ^
An oblique section through the upper part of the endocone of the specimen fig. 13
on pi. IV. (For location see text fig. 6a-b, p. 46). Peilintze limestone, Shih-Mun-
Chai region, Chihli. F. F. Mathieu ^Coll. (Cotype G. S. Ch. Cat. No. 110).
— 104 —
PAL>£ONTOLOGIA SlNICA
Onlovk-iun Fossils of N. China
PI. II.
Fig. 12.
IS.
Chihlioceras nathani Grabau ......................................................................
Another section through the same specimen parallel to the preceding and about
2mm. farther dorsad. The section is shown on the opposing cut surface of the rock
and its position is therefore reversed as here viewed. (For location cee text fig. 6,
linec-d, also text Figs. 8,9 which show the two sections in the same orientation).
IVilint/.e limestone, Shih-Mun-Chai region, Cliihli. F. F. Mathieu Coll. (Cotype G
S. Ch. Cat. No. 111,1. (See, also, Pis. IV & V).
chingwangtaotme Grabau .................. ......................................... p. ,51
l:.Ja. View of the type from the upper or dorsal side. Natural size. The specimen is
reversed in position as compared with the other figures, to show the median
alveolus, and the inner surfaces of the lateral alveoli. (For restored sections see
text figures 14-16).
13b. Side view of the same.
1'eilintze limestone, Pei-Lin-T/.e, Shih-Mun-Chai region, eastern Cliihli. (IIololvpc,
Coll. by F. F. Mathieu, G. S. Ch. Cat. No. 113).
— 105 —
EXPLANATION OF
PLATE III
(i) 107
PLATE ITT.
Ordomcian Gastropoda; Lower Ordomcian: — Peilintze and Liangchiashan Limestones;
Upper Ordovician: — Machiakou Limestone.
Drawings l>y K. C. Lin (fiJptJfeft)
Fig. 1. Loplionpim morrisi Grabau p. 25
A nearly complete characteristic specimen, enlarged twice. Machiakon limestone,
Tangshan, Chihli. (Cotype. G. S. Ch. Cat. No. 32, collected by Messrs. Morris,
Bar hour and Terrill).
Fig. 2. Lopliospira morrisi Grabau p. 25
2a. View of the spire from an oblique angle, to show the position of the peripheral
band, and the growth-lines upon the shoulder X 2.
2b. A portion of the shoulder of the ultimate whorl enlarged six times to show the
nature of the peripheral band and the growth lines. Machiakou limestone,
Tangshan, Chihli. (Cotype, G. S. Ch. Cat. No. 51; Coll. G. B. Barbour).
Fig. 3. • Lnphnspira pnlcheUiformis Grabau p. 26
Spire of a characteristic specimen x 2, viewed slightly from above, (with resulting
foreshortening), to show the peripheral band. Machiakou limestone, Tangshan.
Cotype, G. S. Ch. Cat. No. 51; Coll. G. B. Barbour).
Fig. 4. Lophospira pulchellif minis Grabau p. 2fi
Portion of a spire, lateral view X 2. showing amount of embracing, form, and
strong lower carina. Machiakou limestone, Tangshan. (Cotype, G. S. Ch. Cat.
No. 41; Survey Coll).
Fig. 5. Lophospira trocliiformis Grabau p. 27
5a., 5b. opposite sides of the holotypo, showing the trochiform spire and strong
peripheral carina. x 2. Machiakou limestone, Tangshan. (Holotype, G. S. Ch.
Cat. No. 40) .
Fig. G. Lophospira acuta Grabau p. 27
An average specimen,. with a small mass of matrix adhering and the basal portion
imperfect x 2. Machiakou limestone, Chao-Kou-Chuang. (Cotype, G. S. Ch.
Cat. No. 47) .
Fig. 7. Lophospira gerardi Grabau .p. 28
A typical specimen from the Machiakou limestone at Chao-Kou-Chuang, Chihli.
Enlarged twice. (Cdype, G. S. Ch. Cat. No. 44).
Fig. S. Lopliospira gerardi var. laxa Grabau p. 28
The Holotype, showing the lax whorls entirely free at the aperture, the strong
subsutural ridge and marked concavity of shoulder x 2. Machiakou limestone,
Chao-Kou-Chuang. Chihli. (Holotype, G. S. Ch. Cat. No. 49).
Fig. 9. Lophospira terrassa Grabau p. 29
View of the type, attached to rock, twice natural size. Machiakou limestone,
Tangshan, Chihli. (Holotype, G. S. Ch. Cat. No. 33).
Fig. 10. Lophospira obscnra Grabau p. 30
The type specimen, embedded in rock and partly worn so as to show the internal
mold "x 2. Machiakou limestone. Tangshan, Chihli. (G. S. Ch. Cat. No. 37).
1 1 . Pagndispira dcnnd-u i.i Grabau P- 31
The type specimen, twice enlarged. The aperture is restored. Machiakou
limestone, Chao-Kou-Chuang, Chihli. (Holotype, G. S. Ch. Cat. No. 45).
— 108 —
PALxEONTOLOGIA SINICA
(Irabati: Ordovician Fossils of N. China
P1.11I.
1 It.
16a
Fig. 12. Pagodispira dorothca Grabau .' p. 32
The type specimen, twice enlarged. Machiakou limestone, Tangshan, Chihli.
(Holotype, Coll. by Geo. B. Bnrbour, G. S. Ch. Cat, No. 50).
Fig. 13. Pagodispira dorothca var. laxa Grabau p. 32
The type specimen twice enlarged. Machiakou limestone, Chao-Kou-Chuang.
(Holotype, G. S. Ch. Cat. No. 13).
Fig. 14. Liuspira barbuuri Grabau p. 33
14a. Side view of a nearly perfect high-spired form x 2.
14b. Umbilical view of same, x 2. Machiakou limestone, Tangshan, Chihli. (Cotype,
Coll. by G. B. Barbour. G. S. Ch. Cat. No. 42).
Fig. !•">. Liixpira barbouri Grabaii p. 33
lf>a. Side view of an imperfect low-spired shell, x 2.
lob. Umbilical view of same x 2.
15c. Enlargement of part of the final whorl to show lines of growth, peripheral
band, and marginal notch, x 4. .Machiakou limestone, Tangshan, Chihli.
(Cotype, Survey Collection G. S. Ch. Cat. No. 43).
Fig. 16. Jformotoma doquieri Grabau p. 34
IGa. The type specimen, enlarged four times.
1Gb. Two of the whorls still farther enlarged, (x 8).
Liangchiashan limestone Shih-Mun-Chai region, eastern Chihli. (Holotype, Coll.
F. F. Mathieu G. S. Ch. Cat. No. U9).
Fig. 17. Fuslxplra sp --3. 36
A natural section in the rock; natural size. Peilint/e limestone, Shih-Mun-Chai,
eastern Chihli. Coll. F. F. Mathieu. (G. S. Ch. Cat. No. 90). (This section is
weathered to such an extent, that the back of the whorls is shown beyond the
umbilicus, giving the shell a sinistral appearance).
Fig. 18. Fusispira sp P- 36
A natural section in rock; natural size. Peilintze limestone, Shih-Mun-Chai,
eastern Chihli, Coll. F. F. Mathieu. (G. S. Ch. Cat, No. 89).
— lO'.i -
EXPLANATION OF
PLATE IV
in
PLATE IV.
Ordovician Cephalopoda; Lower Ordovician: — Peilintze, Lianychiaslian, and Ycldi Lime-
stones; Upper Ordovician: — Macltiakou Limestone.
Drawings by K. C. Liu ($$ftij£)
Fig. 1. Protcrocameroccras niathieui Grabau p. 30
la. Lateral view of a weathered specimen showing 'part of the siphuncle, and several
camera,1. Natural size.
Ib. End view of the same specimen showing aperture of endosiphocone. Natural size.
Ic. Section of the same showing form and position of siphuncle. Natural size.
Peilintze limestone, Shih-Mun-Chai, near Chingwangtao, eastern Chihli. (Cotype,
Coll. by F. F. Mathieu, G. S. Ch. Cat. No. 100) .
Fig. 2. Prater oca mcroccr as mathicui Grabau p. 36
2a. View of a small portion of the shell embedded in rock, showing flattened siphuncle
and camera?, natural size.
2b. End view of the same, natural size;
2e. A portion of the shell and adjoining part of the siphuncle enlarged to show the
relation of the siphuncular funnels to the outer shell on the ventral side, Peilintze
limestone, Shih-Mun-Chai, near Chingwangtao, eastern Chihli. (Cotype, Coll. F.
F. Mathieu, G. S. Ch. Cat. No. 101).
Fig. 3. Proterocameroceras mathieui Grabau., p. 36
3a. A free siphuncle in three sections. Natural size.
3b.-3e. End views of the same at points indicated, x '2. Peilinlze limestone, Shih-
Mun-Chai, near Chingwangtao, eastern Chihli. (Cotype, F. F. Mathieu Coll., G.
S. Ch. Cat. No. 102) .
Fig. 4. Camcroceras styliforme Grabau p. 39
4a. The siphuncle of a young or apical portion of a shell, showing the rate of tapering
and oblique annulations. Enlarged twice.
4b. Enlargement of the broken smaller end of the same specimen showing the flat
ventral side, the endosiphocoleon, and an older endosheath with open lumens
remaining; x 4. Liangchiashan limestone (Lower Ordovician), Liang-Chia-Shan,
Shih-Mun-Chai, eastern Chihli. (Cotype, F. F. Mathieu, G. S. Ch. Cat.
No. 103)
Fig. o. Caineroceras styliforntc Grabau p. 39
5a. Ventral view of an older portion of the siphuncle, showing the ventral saddle
formed by the septa. Natural size.
5b. Upper, and oc. lower ends of the fragment enlarged x 2. to show the endosiphoco-
leon. Liangchiashan limestone, Shih-Mun-Chai, near Chingwangtao eastern Chihli.
Lower Ordovician. (Cotype, Coll. F. F. Mathieu, G. S. Ch. Cat. No. 104).
Fig. 6. Camcroceras xti/liforme Grabau p. 39
6a. Lateral view of a silicified fragment of the siphuncle, of a more mature portion than
that represented by figs. 4 & 5 showing portions of the septa adhering x 2.
6b. Upper and 6c. lower ends of the fragment, showing the last endosheath, its
continuation in the endosiphocoleon and indications of older sheaths x 2. Liang-
chiashan limestone, Liang-Chia-Shan Shih-Mun-Chai, near Chingwangtao, eastern
Chihli. (Cotype, Coll. F. F. Mathieu, G. S. Ch. Cat. No. 105).
Fig. 7. Snecoceras yehliense Grabau p. 40
7a. View of the type specimen as exposed on the rock surf-ace. Natural size.
— 112 —
PAL/EONTOLOGIA SlNICA
Onlnviciiin Fowls of N. China
Pl.IV.
111.
7b. Lateral view of the same, the left hand side is attached to the rock. Natural size.
Yehli limestone (Lower Ordovician), Yeh-Li, near Ma-Chia-kou, Chihli. (Holo-
type, Y. C. Sun Coll. G. S. Ch. Cat. No. 24).
Fig. >s. Suecoceras alteuuatum Grabau p. 41
Apical portion of the siphuncle, showing rate of tapering. Natural size. Yehli
limestone, Yeh-Li, Chihli. (Cotype, Y. C. Sun Coll. G. S. Ch. Cat. No. 20).
Fig. 9. Suecoceras aftenuatum Grabau p. 41
Silicified and partly broken specimen referred to this species, showing the last
endosiphosheath, and its excentric position. Natural size. Yehli limestone, Yeh-
Li, Chihli. (Cotype, Y. C. Sun Coll. G. S. Ch. Cat. No. 22) .
Fig. 10. Vayinoccras Isinancnsc Grabau p. 41
lOa. Ventral view of siphuncle, showing the strong saddle made by the septal necks.
Natural size.
lOb. Lateral view of the same, showing obliquity of septal necks. The left hand side is
attached to the rock. Maehiukou limestone, Tangshan, Chihli. (Holotype G. S.
Ch. Cat. No. 25).
Fig. 11. Piloceras platyventrum Grabau p. 42
1 la. Natural section of the siphuncle, showing the excentric endocone with flattened
venter; the endosiphuncle with its terminal projection (this is not as large as here
shown, some rock adhering which can not readily be separated) , and the crystalline
filling. The specimen is either a young form or the endocone extends further
apicad in this specimen than in others (see fig. 12). It is filled with rock matrix
enclosing foreign material.
lib. Side view of the same showing faint constriction at commencement of annulations.
Natural size. (The constriction is slightly over-emphasized owing to the position
of the specimen ) .
lie. End view of the same, showing position and form of endocone. Natural size.
Liangchiashan limestone, Shih-Mun-Chai region near Chingwangtao, eastern
Chihli. (Cotype, F. F. Mathieu, Coll., G. S. Ch. Cat. No. 108).
Fig. 12. Piloceras platyventrum Grahau p. 42
12a. Natural section of a siphuncle of a large and older specimen of subcircular cross-
section. The section is transverse to the dorso-ventral diameter but somewhat
oblique. The endocone with filling of rock-matrix, and the crystalline filling of the
earlier part with indications of older sheaths are shown. Natural, size.
12b. Side-view of the same, showing subcylindrical outline, with the oblique annulations,
which converge in a low broad saddle on the venter (right side). The lower part
is fractured, showing complete filling with stereoplasm or organically deposited
lime. Older sheaths are indicated in this fracture by dark lines. Natural size.
12c. End view (upper) of the fragment, showing the very slight flattening at this stage
of the endocone on the ventral side, which is the center of the convex surface (top
side of fig. 12c, right side of fiig 12b), as shown by the converging annulations.
The thickness of the lime-filled portion of the siphuncle is slightly greater on the
venter than on the side?. Liangchiashan limestone, of Liang-Chia-Shan Shih-
Mun-Chai region, near Chingwangtao, eastern Chihli. (Cotype, F. F. Mathieu,
Coll. G. S. Ch. Cat. No. 109).
Fig. 13. Cliihlioceras nathani Grabau p. 48
Ventral aspect of a typical specimen partly worn, but showing the endosiphuncle in
the lower part. (Sections of this specimen are shown in figs. 11 & 12 of pi. II,
and a reconstruction in text-figures 2 to 0 pp. 4o-46) Peilintze limestone near Ching-
wangtao, Chihli. (Cotype, F. F. Mathieu, Coll., G. S. Ch. Cat. No. 110). (See
also Plate V. which shows the upper side of the same slab on the under side of
which this specimen occurred).
— 113 —
EXPLANATION OF
PLATE V
(i) 115
PLATE V.
Lower Ordovician Cephalopoda: — Pelintzc Limestone.
Draiuings ly K. C. Liu
Cldhlioceras nathani Grabau .................................................................................. p. 48
A group of three individuals, natural size, all with their upper or dorsal surfaces exposed,
and all more or less worn. The rock has also been subject to slight deformations; two fracture
lines with slight faulting are shown, the fractures having been filled by calcite veins. The left hand
specimen shows only a portion of the blade, but the central one shows a large part of it. The lateral
alveoli in this specimen are not preserved, not extending back so far. They are however shown ,
though in a somewhat crushed condition, in the right hand specimen (see the front view of this on
plate I. fig. 10). There is a difference in the rate of tapering of the two most perfect specimens,
also in the annotations, and perhaps, though this can not be said with certainty, in the conforma-
tion of the endocone. More perfect material may demonstrate, that two distinct species are
represented.
On the underside of this rock-mass occurred the specimen of this species figured on plate
IV fig. 13, and the sections of which are shown on plate II figs 11 & 12. This specimen lay in the
same position as those here shown so far as the dorso-ventral surfaces were concerned, and therefore,
being on the under side of the slab, exposed the ventral side. Its longitudinal axis was however
transverse to (hose of the specimens here shown. In its detailed character it corresponds closely to
the right-hand specimen of the group on this plate. As it is also the specimen which has furnished,
in its sections, the details of internal structure, from which the models (Text figs 2 to 5) are
constructed, it must be considered the genotype, in case the specimens here shown prove to represent
distinct species. The middle one in tbat case will be a new species.
The outer zone of the middle specimen is formed apparently by a succession of endosheaths
which were closely crowded in the apical part of the siphuncle. The inner part, become porous
from weathering, represents a solid mass of stereoplasm (organically deposited lime) apparently
without further endosheaths until the final one is reached.
Peilintze limestone, Pei-Lin-Tze, Shih-Mun-Chai region near Chingwangtao, eastern Chihli.
(Cotype, Collected by F. F. Mathieu and presented to the collection of the Geological Survey of
China, Cat. No. Ill) . See further plates I, II, & IV.
— 11(5 —
PAL,<EONTOLOGIA SINICA
(iraban: Ordovieian Fossils of N. China
Pl.V.
EXPLANATION OF
PLATE VI
(i) 117
PLATE VI.
Upper Ordovician Ccplialopocla: — Machiakmt Limestone.
Drawings by K. C. Liu
Fig. 1. Cycloceras? peitoutzense Grabau ................................................................... p. 03
Fragment of the small end of a shell with rounded annulations. Natural size.
Machiakou limestone, Pei-Tou-Tze (near Chao-Kou-Chuang) , Chihli. (Cotype, G.
S. Ch. Cat. No. 28).
Fig. 2. Cycloceras? peitoutzense Grabau .................................................................... p. 63
Living chamber (without septa) of an immature iudividual, with sharp annulations.
Natural size. Machiakou limestone, Pei-Tou-Tze (Kaiping basin), Chihli. (Co-
type, G. S. Ch.Cat. No. 29).
Fig. 3. Cycloceras? peitoutzense Grabau .................................................................... p. 63
The largest specimen obtained, partly embedded in rock. In the upper part is
shown a portion of what was probably the living chamber. The surface here shows
very fine concentive stria? (see fig. 4). The lower part, which appears to be part of
the same specimen does not preserve the stria?. The position of the two fragments,
and the form of the smaller one suggest that the shell was curved. Natural size.
Mackiakou limestone, Chao-Kou-Chuang, Chihli. (Cotype, G. S. Ch. Cat.
No. 107).
Fig. 4. Cycloceras? peitoutzense Grabau .................................................................... p. 63
Enlargement of part of surface of figure. 3, (X 3.) to show the fine concentric
stria?.
Fig. 5. Stereoplasmoceras pseudoscptalum Grabau ...................................................... p. 66
5a. Longitudinal section of a large specimen, not showing siphuncle, but showing
pseudosepta and stereoplasmic filling. Natural size.
5b. Cross section of the same. Natural size. Machiakou limestone, Tangshan, Chihli.
(Cotype, G. S. Ch. Cat, No. 58).
Fig. 6. Stereoplasmoceras pseudoseptatum Grabau ....................................................... p. 66
6a. Longitudinal section, showing depth of septa, pseudosepta, and filling of stere-
oplasm. Natural size.
Ob. Cross-section of same. Natural size. Machiakou limestone, Ning-Yang. Shantung.
(Cotype, G. S. Ch. Cat. No. 57).
Fig. 7. Stereoplasmoceras pseudoscptatnm Grabau ....................................................... p. 66
A natural section, weathered, showing the septa, pseudosepta and excentric
siphuncle. The strongly nummuloidal character is shown in the lower part and the
non-Actinoceran type of filling in the upper. Natural size. Machiakou limestone,
Chao-Kou-Chuang, Chihli. (Cotype, Survey Expedition Coll., G. S. Ch. Cat,
No. 78).
Fig. 8. Stereoplasmoceras macJtiakouncnse Grabau ...................................................... p. 68
A natural section in the rock, showing narrowly nummuloidal siphuncle, pseudo-
septa and filling of stereoplasm . Natural size. Machiakou limestone, Ma-Chia-Kou,
Chihli. (Holotype, IT. C. Tan Coll., G. S. Ch. Cat, No. 15).
US —
PALxEONTOLOGIA SlNICA
: Onl'ivioiim PVwrils of N. ChilM
Pl.VI.
EXPLANATION OF
PLATE VII
(i) 119
PLATE VII.
Upper Ordovician Ccphalopods: — Machiakou Limestone.
Drawings by K. C, Liu
Fig. 1. Actinoceras richthofeni Freeh .................................................................... p. 75
An average adult individual weathered so as to show siphuncle. The specimen
probably represents a little more than half the original length. Natural size.
Machiakou limestone, Tangshan, Chihli. (T. C. Wang Coll. G. S. Ch. Cat.
No. 5).
Fig. 2. Actinoceras richthofeni Freeh ..................................................................... p. 75
Portion of a polished TOCK surface showing the apertural end of the siphuncle in
section. The gradual thickening of the septal rosettes is shown. Also a portion of
the camerate part of the shell is shown. Natural size. Machiakou limestone,
Huo-Luh, Chihli. (Coll. Miss Clarke; G. S. Ch. Cat. No. 13).
Fig. 3. Actinoceras richthofeni Freeh ...................................................................... p. 75
A portion of a weathered section of the siphuncle, showing the rosettes around the
septal necks and the nature of the endosiphuncle and its diverticula. Enlarged
. three times. Machiakou limestone. Tangshan, Chihli. (T. C. Wang coll., C. S.
Ch. Cat. No. 5). (See also plate IX).
Fig. 4. Actinoceras -tani Grabau ............................................ ................... : ........... p. 80
4a. Longitudinal section showing open endosiphuncle. Natural size.
4b. Transverse section. Natural size. Machiakou limestone, Kushan, Huo-Luh-Hsien,
Chihli. (Cotype, G. S. Ch. Cat. No. 69).
Fig. 5. Actinoceras tani Grabau ............................................................................ p. 80
The lower end of a typical specimen showing blunt apical portion, rate of tapering
and, in upper part, septa and siphuncle. Natural size. Machiakou limestone,
Tangshan, Chihli. (Cotype, Coll. Messrs. Morris, Ten-ill & Barbour, G. S. Ch. Cat.
No. 26).
Fig. fi. Actinoceras tani Grabau ............................................................................. p. 80
Natural weathered section, showing siphuncle with part of endosiphuncle exposed,
and the nature and amount of the stereoplasm in the camera1. Mnchinkon lime-
stone, Ma-Chia-Kou, Chihli. (Cotype, H. C. T'an coll. G. S. Ch. Cat. No. 1).
Fig. 7. Actinoceras tani Grabau ................................................................. •. ........... p. 80
7a. Apical portion of a characteristic shell, showing form, slight constriction and
sutures. Also the large subconical initial chamber. Natural size.
7b. Apical view of the same showing the scar of the siphuncle with its swollen rim,
situated subcentrally at this end ; at the upper end of the fragment the siphnncle is
strongly excentric. Natural size.
7c. A single nummulus of the siphuncle, with surrounding septal portion enlarged )
4, to show the mural pores on the periphery. Machiakou limestone, Tangshan.
(Cotype, Coll. Messrs. Morris, Terrill and Barbour, G. S. Ch. Cat. No. 16). (Sec
further, plate IX) .
Fig. 8. Actinoceras nanum Grabau ......................................................................... p. 87
Natural section of the apical portion of a typical specimen, showing the small
siphuncle with its endosiphuncle, the septa, and rate of tapering. Natural size.
Machiakou limestone, Tangshan, Chihli. (Hololype, T. C. Wang Coll. G. S. Ch.
Cat. No. 8) . (See also plate IX) .
— 120 —
PAL>EONTOLOGIA SlNICA
: Ordovifiim Fo-sils of N. Chinii
Pl.VII.
EXPLANATION OF
PLATE VIII
(0 121
PLATE VIII.
Upper Ordovician Cephalopoda: — MachiaJcou Limestone.
Drawings by K. C. Liu
Fig, 1. Actinoceras coulingi Grabau p. 82
A natural section upon the rock surface, somewhat weathered, and showing the
siphuncle, irregular septa, and filling of camera by stereoplasm. Natural size.
Machiakou limestone, Hsi-Hsien, Honan. (Cotype, A. C. Taun coll., G. S. Ch.
Cat, No. 4).
Fig. 2. Actinoceras coulingi Grabau p. 82
Polished section of a characteristic specimen, showing the siphuncle and nature and
extent of filling of camera?. Natural size. Machiakou limestone, Ma-Chia-Kou,
Chihli. (Cotype, H. C. T'an coll. G. S. Ch. Cat. No. 27).
Fig. 3. Actinoceras suanpanoides Grabau ;.p. 84
3a. Somewhat oblique polished section showing depth of camera and their filling, and,
in the lower part, the siphuncle. The rate of tapering appears abnormally great
owing to the oblique direction of the section. Natural size.
3b. Transverse section of upper end. Machiakou limestone, Tai-An, Shantung.
(Cotype, G. S. Ch. Cat. No. 53).
Fig. 4. Actinnceras sua»panoides_ Grabau p. N-|
4a. Polished section, showing the characteristic siphuncle, rate of tapering of shell, and
filling of camenc.
4b. Transverse section of same showing excentric position of siphuncle. Machiakou
limestone, Shantung. (Cotype, G. S. Ch. Cat, No. 54 j. (See further plate IX).
Fig. 5. Actinoceras submarginale Grabau p. 86
5a, Polished section through the siphuncle showing distant septa with camerae largely
filled by stereoplasm. Also part of the endosiphuncle. Natural size.
5b. Transverse section of a part laterally displaced by a small fault, showing size and
submarginal position of siphuncle. Natural size. Machiakou limestone, Tangshan,
Chihli. (Cotype, G. S. Ch. Cat, No. 55). (See also plate IX).
Fig. 6. Actinoceras curvatum Grabau p. 88
A weathered specimen on rock showing curved form, septa with partial filling of
camera, and siphuncle. Natural size. Machuikou limestone, Lincheng, Shantung.
(Holotyye, F. F. Mathieu coll., G. S. Ch. Cat. No. 77)
Fig. 7. Cyrtactinoceras frechi Grabau p. 89
A weathered fragment near the apical end, showing siphuncle and septa, the camera
scarcely obstructed by stereoplasm. The slight curvature scarcely appears in this
view. Natural size. Machiakou limestone, Tangshan. Chihli. (Cotype, T. C.
Wang coll. G. S. Ch. Cat. No. 2).
Fig. 8. Ci/rtactinoceras frecli i Grabau • P- 89
A small fragment near the apical end, showing sutures. Enlarged X 2. Machiakou
limestone. Chao-Kou-Chuang, Chihli. (Cotype, G. S. Ch. Cat. No. 88).
Fig. 9. Cyrtactinoceras frechi Grabau P- >c
9a. An apical portion somewhat weathered. Natural size.
9b. Section of same, showing excentric siphuncle. Natural size. Machiakou limestone,
Shantung. (Cotype, G. S. Ch. Cat. No. GG).
— 122 —
PAL>£ONTOLOGIA SlNICA
Grabau: Ordovician Fossils of N. China
PI. VI 1 1.
Fig. 10. Cyrtactinocirax frcclti Grubau p. 89
A polished section showing part of the curved siphuncle. Natural size. Machiakou
limestone, Ching-Chuang, Ning-Yang, Shantung. (Colype, V. K. Ting coll. G. S.
Ch. Cat. No. 72).
Fig. 11. Gonioceras shantungensc Grabau p. 92
1 la. Polished section of the holotype and only known specimen. Natural size. The
section shows the siphuncle, empty caraeuc and incomplete septa. In the lower
. right hand portion the lateral continuation of the septa is shown. Machiakou
limestone, Seng-Chuang, Ning-Yang, Shantung. (Holotype, V. K. Ting coll., G.
S. Ch. Cut. No. 10).
lib. The lower part of the same specimen enlarged twice to show more fully the
geniculated portion ot the septa.
- 123 —
EXPLANATION OF
PLATE IX
(i) 125
PLATE IX.
Cephalopoda from the Early Upper Ordovician: — Machiakou Liinestone.
Drawings by K. C. Liu (.fij^fefe)
Fig, 1. Actinoceras suanpanoides Grabau p. 84
la. Lateral view of a characteristic specimen, showing rate of tapering and distance of
septa. Natural size.
Ib. End view of same. The right side is slightly crushed. Natural size. Machiakou
limestone, Wfin-Nan, Mon-Yin-Hsien Shantung, V. K. Ting coll. (Cotype, G. S.
Oh. Cat. No. 111).
Fig. 2. Actinoceras nanum Grabau p. 87
A natural section, showing the very slight amount of stereoplasm. Natural size.
Machiakou limestone, Tangshan, Chihli. (Paratype, Survey Expedition coll. G. S.
Ch. Cat. No. 73) .
Ftg. 3. Actinoceras submarginale Grabau , p. 86
A weathered fragment showing the large submarginal siphuncle, and the septa and
nearly empty camera. A small part of the shell is preserved in the upper left hand
area. Natural size. Machiakou limestone, Tangshan, Chihli. (Cotype, G. S. Ch.
Cat. No. 56) .
Fig. 4. Actinoceras riehthofeni Freeh , p. 7o
A natural weathered section, showing the forward deflection of the lateral diver-
ticula of the endosiphuncle. Natural size. (See text figure 19 p. 79). Machiakou
limestone, Lincheng, Shantung, (F. F. Mathieu coll., G. S. Ch. Cat. No. 67).
Fig, 5. Actinoceras riclitliofeni Freeh p. "•">
Section of a part of a shell in which the filling of the camera) has been unusually
extensive. Natural size. Machiakou limestone, Huo-Luh-Hsien, Chihli. (G. S.
Ch. Cat. No. 64).
Fig. 6. Actinoceras riehthofeni Freeh p. 75
Section showing part of endosiphuncle, and the moderate amount of filling
characteristic of the camera. Natural size. Machiakou limestone, Chihli (?).
(Coll. V. K. Ting, G. S. Ch. Cat. No. 52).
Fig. 7. Actinoceras riehthofeni Freeh ,..p. 7-">
7a. Lateral view of a characteristic internal septate mold, showing rate of lateral
tapering and flexuous character of suture. Natural size.
7b. Side view of the same specimen showing the compressed form. On the worn part
the deep concavity of the septa is indicated. Natural size.
7c. View of the polished upper end of the same specimen, showing the oval form of the
shell and the corresponding oval form and centran position of the siphuncle.
Natural size.
7d. Median longitudinal section of the same specimen, showing the deep concavity of
the septa, the character of the nummuli with the median endosiphuncle, and the
lateral diverticula opening in pores on the outer surface of the nummuli.
Natural size.
7e. Surface of the opposite half of the same specimen, separated from 7d by about 1 mm.
Machiakou limestone, \V£n-Nan, Mon-Yin-Hsien Shantung. V. K. Ting coll.
(Geol. Survey Ch. Cat. No. 107).
Fig. 8. Actinoceras riclitliofeni Freeh p. 75
End view of a fragment of an earlier part of the shell than that shown in fig. 7.
— 126 —
PALxEONTOLOGIA SlNICA
Grabnti: Ordovician Fossils of N. China
Pl.IX.
with part of outline restored. This shell shows n more acute lateral angle (slightly
emphasized by compression, and a more nearly circular and proportionately large
siphuncle. Machiakou limestone, WSn-Nan, Mon-Yin-Hsien, Shantung. V. K.
Ting coll. (G. S. Ch. Cat. No. 108) .
Fig. 9. Stereoplasmoccras aciinoccriforme Grabau p. 69
9a. Section through siphuncle, showiug the filling of crystalline limestoue, but without
regular arrangement as in Actinoccras. Natural size.
9h. Lower end of the same specimen. Natural size. Machiakou limestone, W6n-Nan,
Mon-Yin-Hsien, Shantung. (Cotype, V. K. Ting coll., G. S. Ch. Cat. No. 112).
Fig. 10. Stere<>plasmoceras actinocerifornie Grabau p. G9
lOa. Longitudinal section of a specimen showing hollow uummuli of siphuncle below
and filling with matrix in upper part. Also irregular pseudosepta and filling of
stereoplasm. Natural size.
1 Ob. Cross-section of the same. Natural size. Machiakou limestone, Kushan, Chihli.
(Cotype, V. K. Ting coll. G. S. Ch. Cat. No. 60) .
Fig. 11. Stereoplasmoccras pseudoseptatum Grabau p. 66
Longitudinal section of an early portion of a conch, showing character of septa,
pnmene and siphuncle. Natural size. Machiakou limestone, South of "\V6n-Nan,
Mon-Yin-Hsien, Shantung. V. K. Ting coll. (Cotype. G. S. Ch. Cat. No. 112).
— 127 —
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